Davies Publishing SPI Practice Test – All Questions

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Understanding how pulse repetition period compares to pulse duration in ultrasound imagingPulse repetition period is generally about _______ than pulse duration.Understanding the average as the mathematical middle value of an intensity distributionWhich term represents the mathematical middle value of the intensity distribution?

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What color Doppler artifact occurs when you cannot raise the PRF beyond twice the Doppler frequency shift?
The range equation relates round-trip pulse travel time to distance to the reflector.
Electronic focusing in the transmit mode is accomplished using:
The height of the upward deflection in A-mode is proportional to which quantity?
If the speeds of two media are identical, which statement is true?
If amplitude doubles, power increases by what factor?
What can you do to improve contrast resolution in the ultrasound image?
In a linear array ultrasound, which factor primarily determines the slice thickness?
Which representation expresses 1234 in scientific notation?
A beam's power divided by its area equals what quantity?
The acoustic variable density is measured in units of?
Which layer of the vessel wall contains smooth muscle fibers?
Which parameter describes the energy delivered by the ultrasound beam per unit area per unit time?
Attenuation in soft tissue depends on which property of the sound wave?
What is the commonly assumed speed of sound in soft tissues for ultrasound range calculations?
What is the effect of increasing the dynamic range setting on the display of an ultrasound image?
Pulse repetition period is the inverse of which quantity?
What is the maximum number of shades of gray in an 8-bit digital scan converter?
Which adjustment would not increase acoustic exposure?
In a convex array, each crystal is about ________ in width.
Duty factor is _____ related to imaging depth.
A more accurate image can be created when the ultrasound receiver introduces _______ to some of the electrical signals.
All sound, regardless of its frequency, travels at which speed through any specific medium?
The percentage of the sound beam's intensity that passes through when the beam reaches a boundary between two media is called the ITC.
What is the electronic steering process called in linear phased array imaging?
A real-time 3D ultrasound image is referred to as 4D imaging. What does the fourth dimension represent?
When the intensity is reduced to half, the relative change is:
The time between the start of a pulse and the start of the next pulse is called?
_____ of the sound beam occurs whenever there is both oblique incidence and a difference in media propagation speeds.
Which statement best describes the relation between depth of view and PRP?
When the intensity is reduced to 1/10 of its original value, the relative change is:
The location where the beam diameter is the narrowest is called the
To increase the frame rate while performing an obstetrical sonogram to evaluate the fetal heart, which adjustment is recommended?
Increasing the number of transmit focal zones to improve spatial resolution trades off between
Which scattering occurs when structures are much smaller than the wavelength?
What is the purpose of the gel coupling between the transducer and the skin?
The difference between the maximum and minimum values of an acoustic variable is called the ____.
Which artifact may be described as a duplicate image of structures across a strong reflector?
A longer pulse has a _____ Q factor.
With an annular phased array, the final image is a composite of information from only the _______ of each ______.
Propagation speed error results in which sonographic appearance?
Which medium among the following has the lowest attenuation for ultrasound?
What is the distance from the transducer to the focus called?
Which receiver function is responsible for decreasing the difference between the smallest and largest received amplitudes?
What is the upper bound of the audible frequency range?
For pulsed ultrasound, which factor determines the frequency of the sound wave?
Which statement describes harmonic imaging correctly?
When using a transducer with poor elevation resolution, which problem is most likely to occur?
This waveform was obtained from the center flow channel within the common carotid artery. What term best describes this flow state?
The shadow behind a renal stone is primarily due to which interaction?
The diameter of a sound beam is smallest at the end of which zone?
The ____ the beam, the more accurately a structure can be imaged without interference from surrounding tissue.
In a scan converter matrix, the picture elements are called what?
Which of the following has extremely low attenuation?
Two forms of reflection created in soft tissue are which?
Lateral resolution is measured in units of ______.
Increasing slice thickness will degrade elevational resolution.
If the Doppler angle is increased during an ultrasound exam, which effect is expected on the Doppler frequency shift for a given flow velocity?
Which fraction of a wavelength is recommended for the matching layer thickness?
Which of the following is an example of a Rayleigh scatterer?
Decibels quantify changes in signal strength due to attenuation or amplification by using what?
Which statement best describes system sensitivity?
Decreasing ultrasound frequency is used to improve visualization of deep vessels because it:
What positive result will occur from increasing the packet size while using color Doppler to evaluate flow?
Which pairing correctly identifies the resolution type with its direction?
Which of the following would most likely indicate a transducer-related problem?
An echo from which reflector is most dependent on the angle of incidence?
Grating lobes cause a _____ of the ultrasound beam and _____ lateral resolution.
Scattering is ______ related to frequency.
If the received frequency is greater than the transmitted frequency, which statement is correct?
Which array type has elements arranged in a curved line and is often used to produce a broad field of view?
Which statement about formation of the color Doppler image is true?
What term describes the maximum displacement of particles in a wave?
Rayleigh scattering ______ with increasing frequency.
Which component insulates the patient from electrical shock?
Is spatial pulse length adjustable?
With which phenomenon is the angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence?
Which parameter describes the time between successive crests of a wave?
What error will occur if the angle correct cursor is NOT adjusted parallel to the vessel wall?
Which prefixes correspond to hundreds and hundredths?
Which statement about specular reflectors is true?
The distance of length of one complete cycle.
_____ answers the question: what is the minimum Distance that two structures positioned side by side can be apart and still produce two distinct echoes on an ultrasound image?
Which transducer type is typically used for high-resolution imaging of superficial structures due to its wide aperture?
What is used to dampen the ultrasound pulse and reduce the spatial pulse length to improve axial resolution?
Which structure is described as a large smooth interface that acts as a Specular reflector?
The grayscale image in color Doppler exams using a linear array uses electrical patterns with which property?
Which statement about frame averaging is true?
The rate of sound attenuation is lowest in which medium?
An array transducer where the elements are arranged as circular rings with a common center.
Which statement correctly contrasts annular phased arrays and linear sequential arrays?
Which effect occurs on the ultrasound image when you increase the reject level?
Is the amplitude adjustable?
Which statement about A-mode displays is true?
In color Doppler, the frequency shift is _______.
Partial volume artifact is also known as slide thickness artifact.
Which ultrasound mode provides information about reflector location changing with time?
Which statement best describes preprocessing as defined in the material?
What are the units of intensity used in ultrasound?
What determines the shades of gray that are assigned to incoming signal amplitudes?
The application of a chemical agent to reduce or eliminate infectious organisms on an object is called:
If the attenuation coefficient of tissue is very high, which control should you adjust to modify the image?
Impedance is a characteristic of ______.
Which statement about bioeffects with intracavitary probes is suggested by the material?
Which resolution is directly improved by using shorter pulses at higher frequencies?
Thermally induced biological effects should be preventable by avoiding a local tissue temperature increase exceeding:
Sound scatters when the tissue interface is _______.
These lobes are sound energy traveling from the transducer array in a direction different than the main beam.
Snell's Law describes:
What is the equation for the Reynolds number?
Since decibels are always comparisons ______ are required to use decibels.
During a diagnostic sonogram, which interface will produce the weakest reflected signal?
Temporal average intensity (Ita) is averaged during _______.
What term is used to reduce the display of weak echo signals arising from electronic noise?
The statement 'The spike line being vertical indicates the beam is directed straight ahead' is
In B-mode, the x-axis represents what?
Part of the beam pattern from any transducer.
Snell's Law describes the relationship between the incident angle, transmitted angle, and which property of the two media?
Which transducer would be most suitable to electronically steer and focus the beam?
If the time of flight is 39 μs, the reflector depth is ____ cm and the total distance traveled is ____ cm.
A ______ may be seen on the spectral waveform in the area of post stenotic turbulence. It appears as bright echoes near the zero baseline located underneath the systolic peak.
Which would increase the spatial pulse length?
A mass with a diameter of 35 mm can be expressed in centimeters as which value?
The terms ensemble length and dwell time are synonymous with which term?
Acoustic impedance is determined by which medium properties?
The lower the frequency the ______ the wavelength.
Which term is synonymous with the rate of blood volume passing a point per unit time?
At normal incidence with identical impedances, the transmitted intensity relative to incident is
Which ultrasound mode samples and displays information along a single line of sight?
Which ingredient is commonly recommended in cleansers for intracavitary probes?
Increasing the wall filter during Doppler sampling will most likely do what?
Which factors contribute to improved axial resolution?
Which statement is true about the scan plane in a mechanical transducer?
There is a _____ relation between absorption and frequency.
Increasing line density has what effect on lateral resolution?
Which term describes a high-amplitude, low-frequency Doppler shift commonly seen as an artifact?
If beam power is 0.05 watts and beam cross-sectional area is 0.01 square meters, what is the intensity?
Which component converts electric energy into mechanical vibrations (sound energy) for transmission into the patient?
Which set lists the five parameters initially determined by the sound source only?
In pulsed ultrasound, which factor determines the sound wave frequency?
Which describes constructive interference?
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the -2nd power?
The operational characteristics of convex arrays are similar to which type of array?
The SMPTE pattern is a standard pattern for evaluating which devices?
Which tissue has the lowest speed of sound among the listed tissues?
The concentration of energy in a sound beam is called?
As a general rule, sound travels fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. Which ordering best describes this variation?
Which transmit frequency should you select for maximum penetration?
The number of electric pulses delivered to the active element per second is called what?
Elevational resolution refers to resolution in which direction?
Which statement about Rayleigh scattering and frequency is true?
Which imaging technique may increase visualization of the reflections from blood flow on the real-time ultrasound image?
Spatial pulse length is defined as the wavelength multiplied by what quantity?
In standard B-mode imaging of the thyroid using a linear array, the transmitted pulses typically consist of how many cycles?
The features of a sound wave are called?
You are scanning a large mass composed primarily of fat. Which effect are you most likely to encounter?
Which statement describes what happens at an interface with a large impedance mismatch?
Which term would describe a uniform velocity across the cross-section?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between depth of view and PRP?
Which artifact may appear as multiple reflections between two strong reflectors, creating a series of echoes?
Dynamic Apodization is a method employed to:
A round transducer in which the elements are arranged concentrically and creates a cone shaped beam that is symmetric in all dimensions.
Which of the following does NOT determine the frequency of the sound wave in pulsed ultrasound?
Nyquist limit describes which of the following?
Which expression correctly represents the wavelength of soft-tissue sound given frequency in MHz?
When interaction is disorganized, the sound back to the transducer is _______ or _______.
If the propagation speed is unchanged at the interface, which sound-tissue interaction is most likely when the ultrasound wave strikes?
In specular reflection, the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection is:
Dynamic receive focusing uses:
Attenuation increases with both frequency and distance.
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between event duration and bandwidth?
Decreased pressure occurs in areas of high flow speeds. This is known as the:
If the speed of sound in tissue increases while the round-trip travel time remains the same, the calculated depth will:
Which phenomenon results in a resultant wave smaller than its components?
Aliasing in Doppler ultrasound occurs when the Doppler frequency shift exceeds what fraction of the pulse repetition frequency?
The actual time from the start of a pulse to the end of a pulse is called what?
Frame rate primarily affects which aspect of imaging quality?
The image created by a mechanical transducer is shaped like which option?
Which statement best describes diastolic flow reversal?
The ______ describes the relationship of beam intensities with time.
Which statement best describes the relationship between pulse duration and PRP?
What is the function of the pulser in an ultrasound system?
If the go-return time is 26 µs, the depth is approximately ______.
The focal length is also known as which term?
The electronics within the ultrasound system that create spike patterns is called the _______.
Which control most closely affects patient exposure during an abdominal ultrasound study?
Which of the following describes an analog signal?
Which intensity descriptor denotes the Spatial Peak Temporal Peak value?
What method steers the color beam with a linear array transducer?
A mass with a diameter of 35 mm is equivalent to which value in centimeters?
The rate at which intensity changes as sound propagates depends on which two factors?
An array transducer where the active elements are arranged in a straight line.
In B-mode, which axis represents Nothing?
The condition of having few cycles in the pulse is known as which phenomenon?
A novel method of rating numbers.
Which medium would you expect to have the highest attenuation among the following?
Which control amplifies signals from all depths equally and does not compensate for depth-specific attenuation?
If decibels are a ratio of the actual level to the starting level, what does a ratio less than 1 imply?
Higher frequencies are absorbed _____ than lower frequencies.
Requirements of magnetic field tracking for 3D reconstruction include:
What can you do to enhance the visibility of a specular reflector?
When pulsed and continuous-wave sound beams have the same SPTP or SATP intensities, which has the higher SPTA or SATA intensity?
The range equation describes the relationship between:
Snell's Law relates the ratio of sines to the ratio of speeds as:
When the frequencies of the waves differ, which interference types can occur?
What parameter is primarily responsible for axial resolution?
The PRF is reduced when systems image to a _____ depth.
What is the source of the echoes depicted by the arrows in this image of the kidney?
The PZT material thickness is measured as what fraction of the sound wavelength?
The percentage or fraction of time that the system is transmitting a pulse.
When interaction is organized, the sound back to the transducer is ______.
Which feature helps reduce side lobes or grating lobes in intracavitary ultrasound probes?
Which equation relates Doppler frequency shift to velocity?
Which statement describes what happens when you lower the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) in Doppler color imaging?
The Doppler frequency shift is the difference between the:
Instruments that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes have the ______ potential for transmitting infections.
With ______ all of the elements are fired as one group but with very small time delays to steer the beam.
During Doppler interrogation of the carotid artery, spectral mirroring is most commonly caused by which condition?
The ______ indicates the number of pulses transmitted on each scan line in the color image.
What term describes the bending of the sound beam?
Which parameter describes the distance between successive waves along the direction of propagation?
If the transducer diameter increases while keeping frequency constant, what happens to the focal depth?
Increasing the frequency on a multifrequency transducer from 3.5 MHz to 5.0 MHz will:
The distance from the front tip of our imaginary train to the end of the caboose.
On a B-mode image, a high acoustic impedance mismatch at an interface is displayed as which?
What can you do to achieve a higher frame rate?
A _____ reflection will occur if impedances are slightly different.
To practice the ALARA principle which of the following techniques should you employ?
High-pressure regions in a longitudinal wave are known as
What happens to amplitude when power increases?
What provides the electrical connection between the PZT and the ultrasound system?
TGC is also called?
Which statement best describes a key characteristic of damping material in ultrasound transducers?
You are most likely to observe a color bruit in which case?
Conversion of a sound wave to an electric signal occurs when the sound wave strikes the transducer surface and is termed ______.
If two media have identical impedances, what are the reflection and transmission outcomes?
Used to fill in the missing data between scan lines in both gray scale and color Doppler.
Using multiple transmit focal zones primarily improves which resolution?
What term describes the stacking of red blood cells at low velocities?
In color Doppler color mapping, the color green represents which concept?
The ______ states that the sum of the percent of sound reflected and the percent of sound transmitted must equal 100%.
Which frequency is ultrasound?
Which term is a unitless quantity related to bandwidth?
Which component is responsible for presenting the final image to the operator?
Which type of pulses are desirable because they create more accurate images?
The _____ and _____ increase the efficiency of sound transfer between the transducers PZT and the skin.
The V shaped waves produced by very small sources are also known as what 3 things?
What is the equation for PRF? PRF (Hz) = 77,000 cm/s / imaging depth (cm)
Why are sonographic images usually compressed before sending to PACS?
In typical color Doppler displays, which color corresponds to positive Doppler shifts?
Steering sound beams electronically produces images of which shape compared to rectangular images?
If brightness adjustments show a change, which action would decrease brightness?
What are the five keywords related to reporting intensities of pulsed waves?
Which term describes incidence when the beam strikes the boundary at 90 degrees?
Decreasing the pulse length generally leads to which change in axial resolution?
What is the main advantage of using a transducer that produces a thinner slice over the image plane?
If scan line density is decreased, which technique will be employed to fill in the missing data between the scan lines?
Which of the following lists the three basic display modes used to view ultrasound information?
In a mechanical transducer consisting of a single crystal, what happens when the crystal malfunctions?
If the frequency increases while path length remains constant, attenuation will:
Fixed focusing is commonly contrasted with dynamic focusing. Which of the following terms is associated with fixed focusing?
A standard measurement tool used to report changes in weakening or amplification.
Which factor has no impact on frame rate?
Two items that are associated or affiliated, but the relationship between them does not have to be specified, are best described as:
Which Doppler artifact manifests as a secondary copy of the spectrum on the opposite side of the baseline?
Refraction artifact occurs due to bending of sound waves at tissue interfaces causing echoes to appear displaced.
Which statement about adjusting PRF in practice is true?
If the base-10 logarithm of x equals 3, what is the number?
Axial resolution measures the ability to display two structures very close together when the structures are ______.
Which of the following contributes to improve the elevation resolution in a B-mode image?
Increasing the number of acoustic scan lines in one frame improves which resolution?
Read magnification is applied as which type of processing?
In M-mode, the y-axis represents what?
Speed changes only when which event occurs?
Impedance is measured with units of _____ and is often represented by the letter _____.
Pulse repetition period and imaging depth are ______ related.
What parameter determines the maximum velocity that can be measured without aliasing?
What is the propagation speed of bone?
The unit of impedance is the:
A ______ of ultrasound is a collection of cycles that travel together.
Taking the average intensity during the pulse duration (transmit time).
Which equation correctly expresses wavelength in terms of propagation speed and frequency?
The graph of two directly related items extends from ______ to ______.
Peak-to-peak amplitude is _____ the value of the amplitude.
What term describes the distance from the start to the end of a pulse in space?
Which term best describes the mechanism that reduces signal strength with distance in ultrasound?
A shorter pulse has a ____ Q factor.
A unitless number with a value from 0 to 1 is called
What term describes the ability of an imaging device to separate closely spaced objects?
Which statement best describes dynamic receive focusing?
The Doppler frequency shift is the difference between which two frequencies?
The measurable properties of a sound wave are called?
What is the effect of applying multiple matching layers to the transducer face?
Which statement best describes the effect of increasing gray-scale dynamic range on the display?
Density and speed are _____ related.
If two media have the same acoustic impedance at their boundary, what will occur to the sound?
The image in the far field is less bright due to which phenomenon?
What advantage does tissue harmonic imaging provide over conventional ultrasound imaging?
What is the name of the cylindrical tube that protects the transducer's internal components and also insulates the patient from electrical shock?
The phenomenon describing decreased pressure at a stenotic site due to increased velocity within the stenosis is described by which effect, and is based on maintaining energy along the vessel?
In phased array transducers, which part focuses the sound beam?
Sound waves produced by very small sources diverge in the shape of a _____.
What are the units of flow?
Spatial pulse length is inversely proportional to frequency. Which statement best describes this relationship?
Which artifact arises from energy emitted from outer portions of the array producing secondary beams and spurious structures away from the main image?
Sound waves diverge in a spherical shape or __________.
Which factor does NOT affect impedance?
What does mechanical index indicate on an ultrasound system?
What is the equation for acoustic impedance?
What effect occurs when you increase the threshold control?
Power Doppler brightness is related to the number of what?
______ duration pulses are desirable for imaging because they create images of greater accuracy.
When one ring malfunctions, the image will appear as which dropout band at a depth?
Which orientation best represents a direct relationship on a Cartesian plane?
In ultrasound terminology, the round-trip travel time refers to the time for the sound pulse to travel to a target and back. Which statement best describes this concept?
When you select one focal zone, how many pulse/listen cycles are required for each acoustic scan line in one image frame?
Which is an assumption of sonographic imaging that determines how detected echoes are mapped in the image?
If acoustic power is decreased by -3 dB, which description best matches the change in intensity?
Elevational resolution affects the ability to distinguish structures in which direction?
Which type of resolution is determined by the number of pixels in the scan converter?
The acoustic footprint of a convex array transducer may be as long as how many centimeters?
Spatial pulse length has units of?
Which of the following minimizes the degree to which beam width varies with depth?
The angle of incidence is measured with respect to what line?
Fixed depth focusing is also referred to as which term?
In the far zone higher frequencies result in ______ beam diameters.
You are imaging the phantom with a conventional linear array. Why does the tube labeled "B" contain echoes, whereas the tube labeled "A" does not?
Which is the most common form of fixed focusing?
The number of pulses that occur in one second is known as which quantity?
Which component serves as the digital memory of the ultrasound system?
The angle between the reflected beam and the line perpendicular to the boundary is called the
As depth of view increases, PRP tends to
What is the area underneath the systolic peak on a Doppler waveform that is devoid of echoes called?
Volume flow is calculated as cross-sectional area times which velocity?
Particle motion that is perpendicular to the direction of propagation characterizes a ______.
What is a primary advantage of using autocorrelation in Doppler velocity estimation?
Which action would be most in keeping with the ALARA principle during a diagnostic ultrasound examination?
Molecules in a wave are _____, or squeezed together.
Which statement about bandwidth and imaging performance is true?
In pulsed-wave transducers, the emitted frequency is inversely related to which property of the PZT?
In a linear phased array probe, which elements are fired to create each sound beam?
Which zone is closest to the transducer?
Imax (Im) intensity is averaged over the _________.
In clinical imaging, pressure amplitude ranges from -3 million pascals to -1 million pascals.
There is _____ penetration with higher frequencies.
If an outer ring malfunctions, a ________ of the image is lost.
Which term describes the ability to distinguish two closely spaced interfaces within tissue?
Which technique shapes the transmitted beam by delaying signals to the individual elements?
Changing the depth of view of a scan also changes the duty factor.
Which component's primary job is to generate spike timing to control the beam?
Power is proportional to which property of the wave?
Lead zirconate titanate is a commonly used piezoelectric material for ultrasound transducers. Which of the following is also a piezoelectric material used in modern transducers?
What is the term for the smallest element of a three-dimensional volume?
Axial resolution improves with _____ frequency.
Which description best characterizes the decibel scale?
The ______ reduces the length of time the crystal rings.
Period is determined by the ______.
Which structure tends to be the most attenuating among the following when imaging a sonogram?
The crystal or element must be _____ for higher frequencies.
Which term describes the maximum instantaneous intensity in a pulsed wave?
Lateral resolution improves with higher frequencies because, in the far field, higher frequency pulses diverge less than low frequency ones.
Short duration pulses also have a ______ length.
Which material is used to damp the crystal and shorten ringing time?
Period is reported in units of?
Is the pulse duration adjustable?
Spectral mirroring artifact is most commonly associated with what Doppler angle?
The term for a transducer that has an array of rectangular elements arranged in a straight line is:
Which sound beam frequency would exhibit the greatest intensity loss with increasing depth?
The principle mechanism of attenuation in air is ______.
When the intensity is increased by a factor of 10, the relative change is:
For a non-focused transducer, the region between the transducer element and the point at which the sound beam becomes narrowest is called the:
To avoid aliasing in color Doppler, which parameter should be increased?
The strength of a sound beam varies depending on the _______.
Using a wide-bandwidth transducer improves axial resolution due to increased bandwidth.
A _____ reflection will occur if the impedances are substantially different.
With lateral resolution _____ beams have better resolution.
If a wave shows rhythmic oscillation in distance, what is it?
The Doppler waveform from a collateral channel shows high resistance compared with contralateral normal artery. The increased resistance may be attributed to:
What term is used to describe the far field of an ultrasound beam?
The _____ is an important tissue property that influences the amount of reflection.
The audible frequency range is approximately ______.
Which statement best describes how duty factor is expressed?
If the amplitude increases by a factor of 3, how does the power change?
If IRC is 40% and ITC is 60%, their sum is 100%.
Pulse repetition frequency is described as the number of pulses emitted per second.
Higher frequency sound attenuates more and is less capable of traveling to substantial depths.
What would be the most likely result from lowering the color threshold?
The fact that the volumetric flow rate must be the same proximal, at, and distal to a stenosis is termed the:
10-3 equals:
If both diameter and frequency are increased, focal depth will be:
The wall filter is also known as ______.
Which feature helps limit ringing in imaging transducers?
Which artifact is related to beam attenuation?
With a 1D linear array, where is the beam narrowest in the out-of-plane dimension?
Diffraction occurs under which condition?
A curved spike line tends to produce a beam with a focus that is shallower or deeper?
What happens to the beam diameter in the far zone when focusing?
Which component produces the electric voltage pulses to the beam former and on to the transducer?
Sound waves are also known as ____.
What is the slope of the line that represents an inverse relationship between two variables?
Elevational resolution is determined by ______.
Bandwidth refers to:
Which phenomenon occurs when the Doppler frequency shift exceeds half the PRF?
What are the units of the attenuation coefficient?
Atherosclerosis begins in which layer of the vessel wall?
Shorter pulse duration has what effect on axial resolution?
Angles with a measure other than 90 degrees are also called ______ angles.
You have increased the packet size while using color Doppler to evaluate flow. What negative result will occur from this action?
The PRF range commonly used in practice is between which values?
The two names for the same beam-spread metric are Beam Uniformity Coefficient and SP/SA Factor.
Focusing with a curved active element is an example of which focusing type?
Using the PRP formula, what imaging depth corresponds to 104 μs?
The minimum value of the duty factor is?
The typical value of pulse duration in diagnostic ultrasound is?
What term describes both the distance sound travels until the intensity is reduced by one-half and the depth at which attenuation is 3 dB?
What does SMPTE stand for?
In convex sequential arrays, the number of crystals fired at once is generally:
Which statement about attenuation factors is true?
Apodization in ultrasound beamforming primarily serves to reduce:
Which term describes the bending of a wave at a boundary between media with different propagation speeds?
Is the duty factor adjustable?
Isata corresponds to which combination of spatial and temporal dimensions?
Pulse duration is ______ to the number of cycles in the pulse.
When you increase the scan line density in the B-mode image, you improve:
Which statement about density and propagation speed is correct?
Lower numerical values of axial resolution indicate improved image accuracy. Which option best completes the statement?
Damage to one element of a phased array transducer results in beam steering that is
What is a common term for the Doppler control that sets the maximum detectable velocity?
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 9th power?
Color Doppler displays which values, not which values?
Which statement about lateral resolution is NOT true?
Rainbow maps are commonly used in ____ scanning.
If focusing is achieved by a physical lens, this belongs to which category?
Which pair corresponds to millions and millionths?
Which increases as frequency increases?
What prefix represents 10^6, or one million?
What does panoramic imaging do?
Which system control on Doppler adjusts the PRF?
Which plane becomes clearer with 3D ultrasound imaging?
What is the wavelength in soft tissue at 3 MHz if the speed is approximately 1540 m/s?
Attenuation increases with frequency.
Which statement describes the requirement for transmission in the boundary problem?
Imaging frame rate decreases when you:
In an A-mode display, which pair of measurements is commonly shown?
Because peak measurements are larger than average measurements, which intensity has the highest value, and which has the lowest value?
PRP is unrelated to which quantity?
Molecules in a wave are _____, or stretched apart.
When you change the transmit frequency which of the following is altered?
Why is the sampling rate of M-mode ultrasound described as very high?
The brightness of the shade of gray that color Doppler is allowed to write over is adjusted by which control?
Which parameter remains constant as depth increases?
Which parameter is used to adjust depth-dependent brightness?
In diagnostic ultrasound it is important to quantify the strength of sound beams as they are created by transducers and travel through the body. The common method of measuring these signals is the ______.
At the boundary between two media if the reflected and transmitted intensities are added, the result must be the ______.
Which sequence correctly represents the order in which system components are activated to generate a sonographic image?
Which type of focusing decreases the frame rate?
When one reflector is twice as deep as another reflector, the pulses time-of-flight is _______ for the deeper reflector.
To increase color frame rate by adjusting acquisition parameters?
Describes the ability of an object to resist compression?
High frequency sound beams are ______ than low frequency beams.
Which imaging technique reduces acoustic speckle in ultrasound images?
Pulse repetition frequency is reported in units of?
For a single transducer to offer multiple frequency selections for scanning, it must have:
Which of the following could be a source of color Doppler signal?
Which description best characterizes an ultrasound wave in human tissue?
A broadening of the spectrum of frequencies reflected back to the transducer describes what term?
If the beam power increases while the area remains constant, intensity will?
Which layer is positioned at the face of the transducer and is responsible for impedance matching?
In linear phased array transducers, beam direction and focus are determined by
The packet size in color Doppler refers to the number of:
By changing the listening time sonographers alter the _____ of the image.
Which transducer type is stated to have the same line density for near and far field?
Shorter wavelengths are characteristics of _____ frequency sound.
Variance maps should not be confused with ______, which contain some green adjacent to the blue color.
Since a pulse travels to the reflector and back to the transducer, the total distance that a pulse travels is _____ the reflector depth.
Lower frequency sound results in a ______ half-value layer.
Which imaging technique improves distal acoustic shadowing from calcification?
Which mode is characterized by Time on the x-axis?
What is the effect of increasing transmitted acoustic output on heating?
What is the effect of increasing crystal diameter on lateral resolution in the far field?
Frequency and beam divergence are ______ related.
Resolution of two structures at different depths along the path of the sound beam is termed:
Read magnification increases which aspect of the image?
A proximal stenosis can cause retrograde flow in the downstream artery due to which mechanism?
With linear sequential array transducers the sound pulses originate from __________ when different sets of crystals are excited.
Rayleigh scattering redirects the sound wave _____ in all directions.
Sound propagates through tissue as a series of compressions and rarefactions. Particles in the medium are pushed together during compression and pulled apart during rarefaction.
Lateral misregistration of a structure on the image can be caused by refraction. Which phenomenon is responsible?
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven acoustic parameters used to describe a sound wave?
What is the propagation speed of liver?
Which control eliminates weak echo signals from the display?
The speed used to calibrate range-measuring circuits on diagnostic sonography instruments is approximately
Which transducer arrangement yields a rectangular image with high near-field resolution?
Which acronym denotes Spatial Average, Pulse Average?
Flow becomes turbulent at ______ Reynold's numbers.
What is the primary reason that brightness in B-mode displays corresponds to echo amplitude?
Which action would decrease color Doppler frame rate?
Which region yields more accurate images due to beam focus?
When the depth of view is shallow, PRF is _____.
Smaller diameter crystals produce beams that diverge more in which region?
What term describes the distance of the pulse end to end, typically measured in millimeters?
A single bit can only represent two values, ____ and _____.
Which factor determines lateral resolution most directly?
What is a key advantage of using the attenuation coefficient to describe sound weakening as path length changes?
A transducer that produces images with a curved footprint is most likely which type?
What determines acoustic impedance?
Which term describes reducing electrical cross-talk between adjacent transducer elements?
Packet size is also known as ensemble length.
Which part of the sonographic instrument is responsible for Apodization, beam steering, focusing, and aperture control?
Ultrasound propagation velocity depends on which properties?
With linear phased arrays, if the electronic pattern is curved, the sound beam is ______.
Which statement about density and speed of sound is most accurate?
Which cleaning method is acceptable for ultrasound transducers?
What is one main advantage of using tissue harmonics?
Acute angles are _____.
In color Doppler imaging, the color arrow indicates what about flow?
Which property would increase propagation speed of sound through a medium?
In a Doppler spectrum, the brightness of the dot represents the amplitude along which axis?
Which statement about speed in the body is true?
Which measurement is used to assess lateral resolution in a phantom?
What system function is limited by the speed of sound in tissue?
At the boundary between 2 media the principle of ______ applies.
Which statement about PRF and depth of view is true?
Which statement about specular reflections is true?
Spectral broadening in Doppler studies refers to a wider spectral peak due to velocity distribution. Which option best describes this phenomenon?
Which condition guarantees there is no refraction at a boundary?
Which display modes may be used to calculate distance measurements?
Both the intensity and power of a wave are proportional to its _____ ____.
Continuous wave ultrasound cannot create anatomical images.
Spatial pulse length is directly proportional to which quantity?
Which term describes the fraction of incident energy that is reflected at a boundary?
Which term describes the interval between the start of one transmitted pulse and the start of the next?
In ultrasound imaging, a dark region is primarily due to which phenomenon?
Edema involving the right lower extremity may be caused by:
The elapsed time from pulse creation to pulse reception is called which term?
The beam former primarily controls which aspect of imaging?
Which zone refers to the far-field region where the beam diverges after the focal point?
Which statement is NOT one of the four parameters used to describe a single cycle?
Speed of sound in a medium is determined by which two properties?
The piezoelectric materials most commonly used in clinical transducers are Lead zirconate titanate.
What term describes the number of events that occur in a specific time interval?
Which statement best describes the relationship between MI/TI indices and ALARA safety?
The Z axis is also known as?
Which color represents flow that is at 90 degrees to the sound beam?
Which statement describes the difference between Doppler and B-mode frequencies when using the same transducer?
In Snell's law, sin(theta1)/sin(theta2) equals which ratio?
Which statement is true about the frequency of a sound wave?
If you increase pulse repetition frequency to a level too great for the depth of field, the result will be:
Sound waves in the lung attenuate dramatically because of which mechanisms?
In medicine what do the initials PHI indicate?
In a large vessel, a 45-degree beam incidence would be called:
Pulse duration is inversely proportional to frequency.
When the intensity is reduced to 1/10 the relative change is:
Destruction of all microorganisms by exposure to extreme heat, chemical agents, or radiation is called:
What is the equation for impedance?
As imaging depth increases, PRP changes in which direction?
What information does the z-axis (brightness) on the Doppler spectrum provide?
Which statement best describes a multipath artifact causing lateral misregistration of a structure?
What term describes the information shown by color Doppler imaging about blood flow?
When comparing two waveforms, which statement is true?
The acoustic variable pressure is measured in units of?
The interference of a pair of in-phase waves results in a single wave of greater amplitude than either of its components. This combination is called
Which type of transducer should you select to produce the narrowest slice thickness throughout the image plane?
Which condition will result in aliasing of the Doppler frequency shift using continuous-wave Doppler?
In modern linear sequential array transducers focusing is achieved _________.
Which tissue exhibits the highest rate of attenuation for an ultrasound wave?
Which statement about damping material is true?
You are observing a sonographic artifact based on the interference patterns of scattered echoes. What artifact are you imaging?
When frequency doubles, Rayleigh scattering is?
When two numbers have the property that their product is one, this relationship is called:
Which fixed focusing method uses an acoustic lens?
Absorption of acoustic energy converts energy into what form?
In B-mode imaging, amplitude information is mapped to which axis on the CRT display?
Enhancement occurs distal to a structure with what characteristic?
Using a transducer with poor elevation resolution, which problem is most likely to occur?
An advantage of _____ reflections is that interfaces at suboptimal angles to the sound beam can still produce reflections that the transducer will receive.
The Reynolds number is best described as which type of quantity?
Distance between consecutive crests is also known as
The percentage of time that the ultrasound is being transmitted is called what?
In linear phased array transducers, what determines the sound beams direction and focus?
Attenuation in blood, urine, and biologic fluids is described as:
Which law is used to describe pressure loss due to viscosity in laminar flow?
The number of images displayed per second in real-time imaging is termed the:
If imaging depth is reduced to shallow depth, the time between pulses will be
The Nyquist limit is determined by which factor?
When PRF increases, PRP ______.
Differences in impedance between media cause which phenomenon at boundaries?
The diameter of a sound beam is smallest at the end of the near zone. Which term describes this end zone?
Which method enables electronic steering by delaying signals across the array while transmitting all elements together?
The behavior of a sound pulse when it strikes a boundary is determined by which of the following?
If stiffness increases while density remains unchanged, the speed of sound will:
Flash artifact can be reduced on the display by increasing the ______.
Sound propagates through tissue as a sequence of which two phenomena?
What are the 3 forms of flow?
As frequency increases, what happens to attenuation in soft tissue?
Beam formers of phased array systems steer beams by introducing which type of delays in the electrical excitation spikes?
For every 13 ,µs of go-return time, the object creating the reflection is ______ deeper in soft tissue.
To accurately assess the rapidly moving heart, which frame-rate level is required?
The x-axis of an A-mode display represents _______ which is derived from the _______ of the sound pulse.
If the thermal index (TI) is greater than 1, in which tissue would the temperature rise be greatest?
After a sound wave is received by the transducer and converted into electricity, the returned signal is what?
Ultrasound frequencies are defined as those greater than 20,000 Hz.
How many levels of information can a single bit represent?
An 8-bit system produces a maximum of ___ shades of gray.
Reynolds number depends on which variables?
Which is a correct statement about energy at the boundary?
What is the purpose of preamplification of the incoming signal that occurs in the transducer assembly?
Materials that convert sound into electricity (and vice versa) are called _____ or _____.
______ frequency transducers produce shorter wavelength sound, which in turn creates images of superior quality.
Which zone describes the near-field region where the beam is still developing before the focal region?
Which statement is true about listening time relative to imaging depth?
When a wave travels from a slower medium to a faster medium, the refracted ray bends in which direction relative to the normal?
An acute angle is ______.
NOT associated with a low-Q transducer?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of sound attenuation in tissue?
Color Doppler is also called what?
Which spike line orientation indicates steering?
What term describes a frequency of 20,000 Hz or higher?
Which array transducer fires all of the elements for each acoustic scan line, using small time delays to steer the beam?
Attenuation is measured in which unit?
The beam's intensity at the location where it is maximum is called what?
What 2 physical principles always apply to reflection with oblique incidence?
Lower numerical values of axial resolution indicate which of the following about the pulse?
Which acronym denotes Spatial Peak, Temporal Average?
Which artifact is commonly seen as bright echoes near the baseline in post-stenotic turbulence?
Which term best describes the property of a transducer that relates to its ability to limit ringing and improve axial resolution?
Lateral resolution is best defined as the minimum distance between two structures positioned side by side that produce distinct echoes, which is determined by what?
If frequency decreases while wavelength stays fixed, what happens to the period?
What artifact might you see with an array transducer due to energy that propagates from the transducer in a direction different from the primary beam?
Spatial average intensity (Isa) is averaged over _______.
Which transducer has the same distance between the scan lines in both the near and far fields?
The term 'parallel processing' is synonymous with which other term?
Which term describes frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz?
The standard color monitor uses which primary colors to produce the color range?
Which option correctly describes the relationship between density and speed of sound?
Red, Green, and Blue are referred to as the ____.
The backing material reduces ringing and shortens the emitted pulse. Which statement best describes this effect?
The apparent inconsistency between large and small sound sources and their beams is known as _______.
With an aliased signal, the peak of the waveform is clipped off and appears on the opposite side of the baseline, indicating retrograde flow.
Aliasing occurs when the frequency shift exceeds which?
The quantity defined as the number of cycles that occur in one second is called
In one second sound can travel into tissue and return from a depth of ______.
If the number of cycles in a pulse increases while the wavelength remains constant, which statement is true?
Volume flow is determined by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the vessel by which quantity?
Which term describes the time-averaged intensity?
Rainbow maps contain some green adjacent to blue; which map type is this describing?
To reduce beam divergence, increasing transducer diameter will have which effect?
Reducing the number of focal zones during scanning primarily affects which imaging parameter?
In obstetric imaging, which imaging mode is used to image the fetal spine and may be preferred over fundamental imaging?
Without interpolation, which of the following would best describe the resultant B-mode image?
What feature would you use if you wish to recall a previous exam from the PACS system to your ultrasound machine?
Which equation expresses focal depth in cm as (diameter^2 / 40) times wavelength, with diameter in mm and wavelength in mm?
If the color map has a velocity scale of 17 cm/s and flow is at zero degrees to the sound beam, the colors at the ends of the bar would indicate which velocity relationship?
What is the name of the electronics that generate spike patterns in ultrasound systems?
Which phenomenon describes the bending of a wave as it passes from one medium into another with a different speed?
3D ultrasound addresses which limitation by enabling visibility of which plane?
What Doppler control removes frequencies below a given threshold, resulting in a clean zero baseline?
The transmission angle will be less than the incident angle when the speed of Medium 2 is ______ the speed of Medium 1.
Which of the following statements correctly reflects the meaning of ALARA?
Which parameter describes the number of cycles per second?
With diffuse reflection the beam is weakened because of ______.
Speed is determined by the density and stiffness of the medium. Which properties determine the speed of ultrasound?
Which zone is used to describe the far-field region of an ultrasound beam?
An interaction of echoes that leads to reinforcement rather than to partial or total cancellation is known as:
Transducers used for diagnostic ultrasound are _____ transducers.
Generally, modern transducers called arrays contain _____ active elements.
Which ultrasound artifact occurs when the slice thickness is wider than the structure being imaged?
What is the prefix for 10^-9?
Which term describes the loss of piezoelectric properties due to heat exposure?
Which transducer type has the same line density for both the near and far field?
One method of decreasing grating lobes during manufacturing is called _____.
Which Doppler modality would most likely have the highest SPTA value?
Harmonics reduces _____ and _____.
The control that sets the gray-scale brightness at which color will be displayed instead of gray-scale at a pixel location is termed:
In a longitudinal wave, particles move in the same direction as the wave propagates.
The rate at which power decreases depends on the characteristics of the medium and what else?
What happens to beam diameter in the far field as frequency increases?
Which transducer component is easily damaged by mechanical shock?
Appear as a line of dots of varying brightness.
Bone absorbs ultrasound energy to a large extent which results in substantial ______.
The product of PRF and PRP is approximately:
What is meant by the term 4D imaging in sonography?
Which of the following is a characteristic associated with higher axial resolution?
Spatial pulse length is directly proportional to wavelength. Which statement best describes this relationship?
Which statement describes how lateral resolution of a tightly curved array changes with depth?
Which term describes the space-domain aspect of pulsed waves?
Which transducer arrangement consists of concentric circular rings?
Which term describes the maximum distance into the body that an ultrasound system is imaging?
If something other than the three acoustic variables rhythmically oscillates in a wave, the wave is ____.
The outer elements in the group of PZT crystals are fired _______ than the inner crystals.
Which component helps dampen ringing of the piezoelectric element in a transducer?
During reception the reflected sound pulse is converted into electricity.
What is the purpose of the SMPTE test pattern?
Axial resolution is improved with which of the following?
Which statement is not one of the three acoustic variables?
If the bulk modulus of a medium increases while density remains constant, what happens to the speed of ultrasound?
Flow is also called?
What is the time between successive pulses called?
A repeating pattern in the far field is most likely caused by:
What is defined as the distance from the transducer to the narrowest part of the beam?
Temporal resolution is determined by which parameter?
What transducer type will improve the artifact demonstrated in the previous question?
For incidence to be normal, the angle must ________.
What is the propagation speed of muscle?
Increasing Doppler transmit frequency affects the Doppler frequency shift.
The term describing energy loss of a propagating wave is?
Which intensity is spatially averaged and temporally averaged?
The unit of sound intensity is the _______.
Which control adjusts the amplification of all reflected signals, not just those at a specific depth?
In a test focused on elevational resolution, the targets are arranged to test resolution in which direction?
Diffuse reflection occurs when the sound beam strikes a large rough surface. Which condition best describes this phenomenon?
With convex arrays, the transducer face is ______.
High pass filter is also called a _______.
Which statement best describes the relationship between PRF and imaging depth?
Increasing the number of acoustic scan lines in one frame generally leads to which improvement?
In this phantom image, two fluid-filled tubes are present. What type of resolution is being evaluated?
Which statement is most accurate regarding resolution with a standard one dimensional linear array transducer?
Normal incidence is also known as which term?
Which statement describes grating lobes in relation to array transducers?
Which test verifies Doppler velocity accuracy?
Which statement best describes diastolic flow reversal in the arterial system?
Which statement correctly compares the speed of sound in air with soft tissue?
Time gain compensation is used to compensate for depth-related attenuation by increasing gain with depth. Which option reflects this concept?
What are two characteristics of low-frequency pulsed wave imaging transducers?
Which statement describes the relationship between frequency and absorption?
When imaging a rounded mass that propagates slower than surrounding tissue, which sound-tissue interactions will occur?
The depth of the reflector determines the depth at which the reflection focus occurs.
What is the typical axial resolution range reported in clinical imaging?
Is power adjustable?
Shorter pulses yield which effect on axial resolution?
A parabolic flow profile is seen with which flow state?
Lower frequencies have _____ penetration compared to higher frequencies.
If decibels report relative changes, what does a positive value indicate about the compared levels?
Lateral resolution is primarily determined by which parameter?
You are performing a sonogram on a patient with highly attenuating tissue. Which of the following solutions would be most likely to improve penetration through the tissue?
Wavelength is measured in units of?
What effect does damping material have on bandwidth?
What are 2 characteristics of less divergence?
Which energy form is produced when acoustic energy is absorbed by tissue?
When units change, the _____ does not change, only the _____ changes.
Which intensity parameter is defined as the Spatial Peak Temporal Peak value?
Which two quantities describe how much energy is reflected and transmitted at an interface?
Which term describes the high-pressure portion of a sound wave?
What are the two intensities required to use decibels?
Wavelength depends on which two factors?
Amplitude can have units of ____ of the acoustic variables.
What term describes frequency less than 20 Hz?
Refraction occurs whenever there is oblique incidence and different propagation speeds between two media.
When the intensity doubles, the relative change is:
A 5-bit system is capable of a maximum of ___ shades of gray.
Which option best describes the F-number?
Which statement best describes specular reflection?
The delay patterns during receive-focusing changes ______ as the transducer listens for reflections.
Which of the following is NOT user-adjustable?
When the PRF decreases the PRP _______.
Sound is a ______ wave in which particles in the medium move.
Which of the following will NOT cause a redirection of part of the ultrasound energy?
As depth of view decreases, pulse repetition period _______.
During universal precautions you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
The ratio of focal length to aperture is commonly called what?
At the focal point the beam width is ______.
Spta stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
Spatial peak intensity (Isp) is the maximum in _______.
Which statement describes the relationship between PRF and depth of view?
Which statement best describes the relationship between frequency and cycles per second?
Which transducer design uses concentric rings to achieve consistent lateral resolution across depths?
What is the imaging mode called that uses the harmonic of the transmitted frequency to create the image?
Which component is necessary for a real-time B-mode scanner but is not present in an A-mode scanner?
What is the equation for Snell's Law?
Which resolution is primarily determined by the beam diameter?
What is the maximum velocity limit for a 3 MHz CW Doppler unit operating at a depth of 4 cm?
With normal incidence, if the two media have the same impedance, _____ incident intensity is transmitted.
Propagation speed error at the vessel wall interface is most likely to cause which phenomenon?
An example of a Specular reflector is
Which factor is not typically used to compute the thermal index?
For imaging a structure with higher attenuation, using a lower-frequency transducer results in which combination?
Which method is employed to reduce the presence of noise in the ultrasound system?
Which layer isolates internal components from the case to prevent vibrations-induced voltages in the PZT?
The focus of a sound beam is also known as which term?
A decibel value is obtained by comparing the actual level to the starting level.
When a reflector is 3 cm deep, a pulses time-of-flight is _____.
What is the typical period range in microseconds for diagnostic ultrasound?
Specular reflection is characteristic of a boundary that is ______.
The disadvantage of diffuse reflections is that back scattered signals have a ______ strength than Specular reflections.
Which artifact is commonly seen with metallic objects and has a tail-like appearance?
A method used to allow measurement of high velocities with pulsed Doppler while reducing aliasing.
Which of the following statements about diffraction is true?
In color Doppler imaging, retrograde color flow seen below the baseline in a vessel with a stenosis is most likely caused by what?
Which statement is true about typical ultrasound resolutions?
Two associated items where an increase in one corresponds to an increase in the other are described as what?
Which technique involves magnifying a region of interest after image acquisition?
During reception, time delays are used to align echoes from different elements to a common depth.
When you select harmonic imaging, which artifact is less likely to be observed?
If speed2 is greater than speed1, the transmission angle will be greater than the incident angle. Which choice best describes this relationship?
Which acronym denotes Spatial Peak, Temporal Peak?
As a general observation about media, sound propagates faster in materials with greater:
To measure end-diastolic velocity, which adjustment should be performed?
What are the 3 types of angles?
If sound travels from fat to soft tissue, how does the speed change?
Which term describes the transmit time only?
Which prefix indicates a factor of one hundredth?
If frequency increases while keeping other factors constant, pulse duration will
Higher frequency sound results in a ______ focus.
The ability to distinctly identify two structures that are very close together when the structures are side by side or perpendicular to the sound beams main axis.
Which law governs the relationship between incident and transmission angles and the speeds of sound in the media?
Which sound interaction produces the shadows at curved interfaces?
What physical concept allows us to determine the location of an interface by measuring the elapsed time between the transmitted pulsed ultrasound wave and the detected echo from that interface?
The combination of the active element, wire, and system electronics is called a ______.
With continuous-wave ultrasound, SATA equals which intensity?
Which focusing technique forms a beam with a fixed focus during transmission using programmed delays?
With B-mode weaker reflections appear as _____ dots whereas stringer reflections appear as ______ dots.
Which ultrasound mode has Time on the x-axis?
What system control can you adjust to compensate for the effect of sound attenuation in the body?
Which term indicates the speed or swiftness of a fluid moving from one location to another?
The PRP and PRF have a special relationship called ______.
Which term refers to the depth-related amplification compensation commonly known as depth gain compensation?
Which type of resolution is affected most by pulse duration?
What is the equation for depth?
What is the maximum velocity limit for a 3 MHz CW Doppler unit operating at a depth of 4 cm?
Collateral vessels have a _____ length and a ______ diameter, both resulting in ______ resistance to flow.
Intensities may be reported with respect to which two dimensions?
Which artifact results in duplication of structures due to interference reflections?
Which transducer configuration uses multiple rows of elements to improve elevational focusing?
If you increase the Doppler transmit frequency, which of the following will result?
Which action would decrease the frame rate?
____ are a summation of side lobes generated by array transducers.
If the number of cycles in the transmitted pulsed wave is increased, axial resolution is degraded.
You have been asked to perform an ultrasound study of a structure located about 3cm below the skin surface. Which transducer frequency range would be most appropriate for this study?
Oblique incidence means ______.
As depth of view increases, PRF decreases.
Slice thickness primarily affects which resolution?
Which transducer arrangement is curved?
A value expressed as a percent is described as which dimensionality?
Why are annular phased arrays described as multi-focus systems?
Which prefix denotes a value of 10 squared (hundreds)?
In B-mode, the z-axis represents what?
Which of the following lists the three acoustic variables used to distinguish sound waves from other waves?
Banding artifacts can result from which setting error?
What is the relationship between listening time and image depth?
What are two other names for convex arrays?
Which statement describes a phased array transducer?
The degree of stiffness may also be described by these 2 terms:
In a convex array, the crystals are typically about how wide?
Using a 5 MHz, 40 mm linear array transducer to image a structure, what is the width of the image?
Increasing scanning depth automatically decreases which parameter to avoid range ambiguity?
In a longitudinal wave, particle motion is parallel to the direction of travel.
What is the unit for attenuation coefficient?
With lateral resolution _____ numbers are preferable since they indicate more accurate images.
In ultrasonic imaging, the number of transmit focal zones affects lateral resolution at depth. Which statement is true?
Which artifact is produced when the ultrasound beam refracts at an oblique interface?
Which process occurs when the transducer receives a returned echo and converts it into an electrical signal?
Which system control converts stored numbers into voltages to control brightness on the display?
Reducing the number of cycles in the transmitted pulse has what effect on axial resolution?
Air has an ______ attenuation compared to soft tissue.
Which statement about imaging transducers is true?
What are the temporal intensities from largest to smallest?
Which statement about the relationship between duty factor and depth is correct?
Which term does IRC stand for in ultrasound boundary theory?
Power divided by the beam area is equal to which quantity?
In A-mode, the z-axis represents what?
What term best describes the reflection that occurs when the interface is large and smooth?
______ reflections occur with greater impedance differences.
An A-mode display is most commonly used for what type of ultrasound imaging?
A highly attenuating structure tends to produce which imaging effect?
If the time of flight is 52 μs, the reflector depth is ____ cm and the total distance traveled is ____ cm.
Focusing by using a lens to converge sound is an example of which focusing type?
Which acronym denotes Spatial Peak, Pulse Average?
The _____ is the acoustic resistance to sound traveling in a medium.
In a sound wave, the molecules in the medium vibrate back and forth from a ____ position.
Determined by the medium through which the sound travels.
If the go-return time doubles, the depth ______.
What is the purpose of subdicing?
Which method displays the average Doppler frequency shifts?
What is the term for the individual piece of PZT that forms part of the transducer array?
Spectral analysis is used to:
In biologic media typical values for impedance range from _____ or ______.
As frequency increases, wavelength _______.
If frequency is 2,000 Hz and wavelength is 0.5 m, what is the speed of sound?
PRF is ______ to frequency.
Backing material has which effect on transducer vibrations?
At the end of the near zone the beam narrows to ________.
What are 2 characteristics that create pulses of long duration?
To focus the ultrasound beam at greater depths, which element characteristic should be increased?
What is the speed of sound in tendon tissue?
Which parameter is most directly related to avoiding aliasing by extending the maximum measurable velocity?
To improve lateral resolution, use a transducer with ______.
Which phenomenon is described as the combination of two waves into a single wave with a larger amplitude than the components?
Axial resolution is measured in?
Duty factor is the ratio of the pulse duration to the total period.
Which of the following is among the five parameters initially determined by the sound source?
Which flow profile describes a uniform velocity across the cross-section?
Which statement best describes the visual difference between linear and convex arrays?
What is the PRP when imaging depth is 7 cm?
What is the equation for intensity?
Increasing transducer diameter improves which aspect of imaging in the far field?
Axial resolution is ______ with wide-bandwidth transducers.
These two images show a Pseudoaneurysm sac. What control was optimized in image B to allow the color to write over the gray-scale echoes?
The axis that runs across the width of the transducer.
Doppler frequency shift exhibits which feature in color Doppler interpretation?
A linear sequential array has ______ of piezoelectric material arranged _______ in a _______.
Scattering occurs under which condition?
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 3rd power?
According to Poiseuille's equation, what will happen to flow if pressure difference increases?
Averages the data in pixels over successive frames.
Axial resolution is typically expressed in which unit?
Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
How do you calculate intensity?
During reception when reflected sound arrives at the transducer _____________ are excited.
Which pairing describes the two characteristics of more attenuation?
Determining the average intensity during the most intense half-cycle is called?
Which of the following interactions of sound and tissue decreases the intensity of the transmitted beam?
When the depth of view is shallow, PRP is ______.
What term describes the bending of the sound beam when it crosses an interface with different propagation speeds at a non-perpendicular angle?
Which resolution is defined along the ultrasound beam axis and affects the ability to distinguish two reflectors in that direction?
A tissue's impedance is _______ not _______.
What is another term for elevational resolution?
Using a hydrophone you can measure which of the following?
If one acoustic variable oscillates rhythmically, the wave is a ____.
A transducer that produces a beam with a very wide slice thickness, which problem is most likely?
Which configuration is commonly used for curved, broad-depth abdominal imaging?
Which artifact is associated with resonance of a gas bubble?
Which transducer type was most likely used to acquire a sector display that narrows to a point at the transducer surface?
Transducer diameter and focal depth are ____ related.
What is the speed of sound in fat tissue?
Which of the following will NOT improve axial resolution?
What is the propagation speed of blood?
Which measurement is used to assess axial resolution in a phantom?
The adult brain must be limited to which frequencies to enhance penetration?
In which type of wave do particles move perpendicular to the direction of propagation?
To determine a duty factor, use a single pair of complete _______ and _______ times.
All intensities have units of?
If a pulse contains a fixed number of cycles, increasing frequency will cause pulse duration to?
What is the primary reason ultrasound images require dynamic range compression?
To increase by a factor means to ______.
You can reduce beam width to improve spatial resolution in the image by which of the following?
A number in scientific notation form with an exponent of zero has a value __________.
A number in scientific notation form with a positive exponent has a value __________.
If the period increases, pulse duration will
Which description best explains how a triangular image format is produced by ultrasound beam steering?
What mechanism is responsible for sweeping the ultrasound beam in a mechanical transducer?
The interference of a pair of out-of-phase waves results in a single wave of lesser amplitude and is termed?
The blank is determined by the medium, not the sound source.
A special form of scattering that occurs when the structures dimensions are much smaller than the beam’s wavelength.
Which parameter directly influences acoustic exposure?
What range best describes frequencies used in diagnostic ultrasound?
In ultrasound safety, which term describes the energy delivered to tissue?
The rods depicted by the arrows in this phantom are used to determine which feature of the machine?
Single-crystal transducers have which advantage?
The standard symbol used to denote acoustic impedance is which of the following?
Which term describes the time-domain aspect of pulsed waves?
The convex array typically uses how many rectangular strips?
Decreased the image sector width. Which of the following will most likely change as a result of this adjustment?
The minimum number of active elements in a mechanical transducer is?
Lateral resolution is good within the ______.
When the intensity increases 10-fold the relative change is _____.
Which Doppler mode does not exhibit aliasing?
In A-mode, the strength of the echo signal is represented by which feature?
Diffuse reflections help ensure reflections are received even when interfaces are at what kind of angles to the sound beam?
If two quantities are directly related, as one increases, the other increases. Which option best describes their relationship?
When one element in a linear sequential array is damaged, which portion of the image is affected?
Which statement best describes a use of 3D ultrasound imaging?
The _____ control is used by the operator to adjust the magnitude of the voltage pulse applied to the crystal. As it increases, the intensity of the transmitted pulse ______.
_____ and ____ give rise to the echoes signals that are displayed on the monitor.
Which statement describes sound waves?
With linear phased array the width of each element is _______ of the sounds wavelength.
In color Doppler imaging with linear arrays, which shape best describes the color Doppler portion of the image?
What is the log of 100?
Attenuation is a process whereby sound energy is extracted from a wave by which three mechanisms?
When you select compound imaging, which artifact is less likely to be observed?
In B-mode, which axis represents Amplitude?
Which artifact occurs when the Doppler sampling rate is too low, causing high velocities to be displayed as lower velocities or reversed?
What is the effect of increasing imaging depth and scan line density on temporal resolution?
In A-mode ultrasound, strong echoes create ____ spikes whereas weak reflections create _____ spikes.
Annular phased arrays are also known as _______.
A thick half-value layer is associated with which of the following?
Of the following, which is the best choice to help you demonstrate tissue boundaries that are not perpendicular to the sound beam?
Sound _____ as it propagates.
Duty factor is a ______ and is therefore _______.
The focusing technique that uses a curved transducer element to create a focal zone is called
Which factor most effectively improves axial resolution in a B-mode image?
The optimal time delays used during receive focusing change depending upon the ______ at which the reflection was created.
Which color is used to indicate positive Doppler shift in the described color map?
In tissue, which process redistributes energy in many directions?
Which type of ultrasound transducer provides adjustable multi-focus due to its design?
When the depth of view is set to 10 cm, PRP is?
In pulsed ultrasound, increasing the number of cycles while keeping the same wavelength affects the pulse duration how?
A process that creates materials by exposing the material to a strong electrical field while being heated to a substantial temperature.
What is the primary function of the transducer in ultrasound imaging?
The distance that the sound travels _____ affects attenuation.
Acoustic impedance is determined by which two properties of the medium?
Which parameter corresponds to the distance between successive peaks in a wave?
Which option correctly identifies the depth-related determinant of PRF?
M-mode displays appear as which pattern on the screen?
Which of the following frequencies is in the audible range?
The different measurements of intensities are important in the study of ______.
What can you test with a Doppler flow phantom?
The blank of a sound wave is the ultrasound system and transducer.
M-mode has been used primarily to assess which aspect?
Where is the preamplifier typically located in an ultrasound system?
You have increased the output power by 10 dB. The signal intensity has:
The scan plane in a mechanical transducer is created through which mechanism?
Beam steering is achieved _______ without any moving parts in the transducer.
In A-mode, what does the x-axis represent?
What is the propagation speed of bone?
According to the Doppler equation, which of the following is NOT true?
A waveform from the internal carotid artery at a 45-degree Doppler angle shows aliasing. Which option will help unwrap this waveform?
What is the main advantage of using a stand-off pad when evaluating a superficial mass?
Which statement about wavelength and frequency in a single medium is true?
If sound did not attenuate with increasing depth, what system control would you no longer need?
What is the speed of sound in metals?
Attenuation in bone and lung is described as:
What defines the best axial resolution that can be obtained with a given transducer?
Which tissue feature contributes most to attenuation of ultrasonic waves in the body?
Ultrasound transducers with large PZT crystals create sound beams that are shaped like ____.
The beam steering of an annular phased array transducer is ______.
What term describes using the range equation with pulsed-wave imaging to determine reflector depth?
The loss of piezoelectric properties is called:
Which unit is used for PRP in the standard formula?
Which prefix denotes a value of 10 cubed (thousands)?
Which factor most effectively improves lateral resolution in a B-mode image?
Which term describes red blood cells in the context of Doppler scatterers due to their small size?
The width of each crystal in a convex array is approximately equal to:
Refraction ______ with perpendicular incidence.
During color Doppler exams with a linear array transducer, the resulting image is described as which shape?
Demodulation is also called which two techniques?
What is the unit used for acoustic impedance?
Which term describes the process of combining signals with time delays across the array to steer and focus the beam?
The most sizable component of attenuation is which of the following?
Which receiver function listed below is NOT operator-adjustable?
Which factor least influences lateral resolution?
What is the main advantage of using a 1 1/2D or multirow array transducer?
Which statement about duty factor is true?
The technique of frame averaging during real-time acquisition is designed to:
If you increase the thickness of the PZT crystal, what happens to the emitted wavelength and frequency?
In external focusing, what is placed in front of the piezoelectric material?
Which process eliminates all microorganisms, including spores, on an instrument?
Nonspecular reflection or scattering occurs when the interface is small. Which choice best matches this description?
Concentration of force in an area.
Which description best defines specular reflection?
Loss of fluid energy through inertia:
In B-mode imaging, which echo amplitude would produce the brightest dot?
Pulse repetition frequency is typically expressed in which unit?
What are the 4 parameters that describe a single cycle that can describe both pulsed and continuous waves?
The PRF is high when systems image only to a ______ depth.
The acoustic variable distance is measured in units of?
PRF is measured in which unit?
If frequency increases from 1 MHz to 2 MHz in soft tissue while speed remains constant, what happens to the wavelength?
Two items that have no relationship are described as what?
Which pairing describes the two characteristics of less attenuation?
What are the units of the half-value layer?
Which parameter describes how fast a wave travels through the medium?
PRP is best described as the time between consecutive pulses.
When the spike line is straight an ______ sound beam is created.
Indicates a 90 degree angle of incidence. Which term is correct?
Which statement correctly describes color Doppler's displayed velocity information?
In B-mode, what does a darker dot indicate compared with a brighter dot?
The length of time required to complete one pulse is called what?
To maximize depth while preserving resolution, clinicians typically select the frequency that is __________.
Describes the relative weight of material.
Which statement about acoustic impedance is true?
In general, when the sector angle is decreased, the number of scan lines is ______.
_____ is needed to provide accurate velocity information.
Depth of view increases, duty factor does what?
In ultrasound imaging, processing that is performed before data is stored or displayed is known as which term?
Axial resolution is determined chiefly by which factor?
Speed is measured in?
With linear sequential array transducers ____________ to create each sound wave.
A decibel scale is _______.
What sound-tissue interaction is necessary to form an ultrasound image?
Which artifact is volume averaging associated with?
Which statement best describes DICOM interoperability?
Which quantity is defined as power divided by beam area?
What artifact indicates damaged transducer elements in B-mode imaging?
Sapa stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
The transmit time is called the _______.
Thicker active elements create which combination of wavelength and frequency?
Doppler frequency shift exhibits which of the following?
Increasing the length of a vascular segment will have what effect on flow resistance?
For a linear phased array transducer the footprint or the face of the transducer that comes into contact with the skin is described as a small square about 1 cm on each side.
Electrical frequency is equal to which frequency?
Elevational resolution is primarily determined by the beam width in which direction?
Measuring the width of a target on an ultrasound phantom is most closely related to which resolution?
Which condition correctly describes refraction at a boundary?
Elevational resolution is commonly evaluated with phantoms containing spherical structures embedded in tissue-mimicking material to assess resolution in which orientation?
What control should you adjust to optimize the image if you are scanning a structure that produces very bright echoes on the display?
Axial resolution is also known as depth resolution. Which of the following is a synonym for axial resolution?
Which term is synonymous with a convex array and describes its curved scan field?
What is the function of strain relief in a transducer?
Which of the following describes the spectrum of frequencies emitted by a pulsed-wave transducer?
Which formula expresses speed (m/s) in terms of frequency and wavelength?
What is the speed of sound in liver tissue?
How is the speed of sound affected by the nature of the sound wave?
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 1st power?
What type of focusing is performed by delay circuitry upon reception?
If the thermal index (TI) equals 1, which statement is true?
The distance that a pulse occupies in space from the start to the end of a pulse.
The thickness range of PZT crystals in diagnostic imaging transducers is from:
When the intensity is reduced to 1/2 its original value the relative change is ______.
Which component is the piezoelectric crystal itself (active element) that, in a simple probe, is coin-shaped and whose dimensions determine the emitted beam?
The speed of sound in most piezoelectric material ranges from what value?
An array comprises a single slab of PZT cut into a collection of separate pieces called _______.
Scattering is related to _________.
What happens to the focal depth when focusing the beam?
Which unit is used to express duty factor?
Which statement is true about crystal thickness and center frequency?
Assuming signal A has a lower frequency than signal B, which statement is true?
The percentage of the intensity that bounces back when a sound beam strikes the boundary between 2 media is the _______.
Which type of reflection occurs when the interface is large and smooth?
The optimal transducer technology for cardiac scanning is:
Lower transmit frequency yields greater penetration.
Which prefix has the symbol 'da'?
Spatial pulse length is equal to which of the following?
Axial resolution is chiefly determined by which parameter?
Which statement describes the arrangement of the linear sequential array's active elements?
A change in direction of wave propagation when passing from one medium to another is called
In clinical imaging a pulse typically contains ______ cycles.
What are the two components of pulsed ultrasound?
Higher frequency sound is associated with which change in wavelength?
Which statement correctly maps CW ultrasound intensities SPTA and SATA to SPPA and SAPA?
Which parameter describes the axial length of the sampling volume for a color pixel?
What are the units for ultrasound intensity?
Only the ______ portion of the pulse repetition period is changed when the sonographer alters imaging depth.
When focusing, what happens to the focal zone size?
Unlike linear sequential arrays the sound beams transmitted from a convex array _________ to each other.
Spatial compounding imaging primarily reduces which ultrasound artifact?
The most numerous cells in the blood are the:
Which unit is used to express pressure amplitude in clinical imaging?
As depth of view decreases, PRF ______.
Two benefits of tissue harmonic imaging include which of the following options?
An annular array comprising 4 ringed elements transmits ______ down each scan line, each with a different ______.
The end of the near zone coincides with the location of the
When the depth of view is deep, PRF is ______.
Which option correctly describes the duty factor: the inverse of PRF, the duration of the emitted pulse, the fraction of time the beam is on during a cycle, or the time between pulses, with the correct choice located as specified?
Interference patterns of the reflected waves cause which ultrasound imaging phenomenon?
As imaging depth increases, what happens to the pulse repetition frequency?
A pair of waves are considered in-phase when their peaks occur at the same time and at the same location.
Probes used for therapeutic ultrasound or continuous wave Doppler typically do what regarding backing material and pulse duration?
Which term quantifies the portion of incident energy that is reflected?
The Doppler frequency is determined by the ______.
When a wave reflects off an irregular surface, it radiates in more than one direction. This form of reflection is called ______.
The weakening of beam strength is termed what?
Which of the following correctly relates frequency to Rayleigh scattering intensity?
In a standard one-dimensional linear array transducer, which resolution is most affected by electronic focusing and dynamic aperture?
When measuring the width of a point target in a tissue-mimicking phantom, you are evaluating which property?
Frequency and focal depth are _____ related.
Which term describes the rate of energy transfer by a wave?
Which imaging technique transmits two pulses of opposite phase to cancel out reception?
A group of 8 bits is called what?
Which adjustment increases the duty factor?
A nosocomial infection is defined as one that is:
PRF is related only to ______.
Which term describes energy returning to the transducer in a mirror-like reflection during organized interaction?
Which transducer type was used to obtain the uterus image described?
Snell's Law is used to determine which aspect of wave behavior at an interface?
For accurate distance measurements in an ultrasound tissue phantom, the phantom sound propagation speed should be closest to which value?
_____ reflection occurs when a light wave strikes a mirror.
While evaluating the liver vasculature with color Doppler, you are unable to obtain signals from the deeper vessels. What should you do to enhance deep flow?
Axial resolution is improved by using which change to the spatial pulse length?
Decibel notation ______ measure absolute numbers.
Which axis is involved with axial resolution?
Shadowing behind the lateral borders of a cyst is produced by which source?
The _____ or _____ of a number represents the number of 10's that are multiplied to create the original number.
What is the requirement for refraction?
The graphic overlay on this phantom image represents a grayscale assignment curve. What type of curve is being used?
In diagnostic ultrasound, which pair describes the related quantities for changes in signal strength?
In which medium is there no noticeable attenuation of ultrasound frequencies below 10 MHz?
What is the requirement for transmission?
The ability to differentiate between two regions having similar echogenicity is termed?
Which HIPAA privacy action would be considered compliant when using patient data for teaching?
What happens when you image a structure with oblique incidence?
By ______ the sector width the user forces the system to fire more lines of sight for each imaging frame.
Which statement best describes the relationship between distance traveled and attenuation?
With fixed focusing techniques, which two aspects cannot be changed?
Which definition best describes amplitude in a sound wave?
Focal depth is also known as which two terms?
Selective reception of echoes generated within the body by nonlinear propagation describes:
What are the three bigness parameters?
Advantage of using a 3D/4D transducer with an automated sweep vs traditional transducer with a freehand sweep?
Which intensity is defined as averaging over the entire PRP (transmit and receive times)?
What is required for reflection with normal incidence?
As stiffness increases, the speed of sound in the material ______.
When switching from a 3.5 MHz transducer to a 7.0 MHz transducer imaging a superficial structure, compared to the 3.5 MHz transducer what will the 7.0 MHz attenuation rate and wavelength be?
What term describes the superposition of waves from different parts of a source?
Spatial pulse length is directly proportional to which quantity?
Which phenomenon occurs when a wave changes direction due to incidence with a boundary?
If round-trip travel time doubles with the speed of sound held constant, what happens to the calculated depth?
In the intensity equation, power is measured in what units?
What is the speed of sound in bone tissue?
What does the Doppler spectral display depict?
What is the effect of setting the system gain to its maximum?
As depth of view increases, pulse repetition period _______.
States that a large active element may be thought of as millions of tiny, distinct sound sources.
When interaction is organized, the sound in all directions is ________.
Which display method demonstrates turbulence by showing variance among velocities?
Which technique would be most helpful in reducing grating lobes in your image?
Which term below most correctly describes the Doppler waveform?
Decibels are based on a mathematical construct called
Rayleigh scattering intensity is most sensitive to which factor?
Turbulent flow in vessels is most likely to occur when Reynolds number exceeds about which value?
Which law dictates the angle of transmission that will occur at an interface with refraction of the sound beam.
Which of the following is associated with superior axial resolution?
Sound travels in a _____ line.
For continuous wave ultrasound, the temporal peak intensity equals the temporal average intensity.
What technique would be most likely to produce grating lobes in your image?
Damping reduces which two quantities?
Which terms describe the strength of a sound beam?
As frequency increases, wavelength ______.
PRP and PRF are ______ related.
What is a disadvantage of a water-path scanner?
Which grayscale depth corresponds to 256 distinct gray levels?
Which system handles archiving and distribution of sonographic images using a DICOM format?
In a linear sequential array transducer, the sound beams are _______ to each other.
Which statement is true about obtuse angles?
What is the inverse of frequency?
In color Doppler imaging, ensemble length is equivalent to which of the following?
Initially, intensity is determined by which source?
Which of the following is a name for V-shaped waves produced by very small sources?
True or False: A pulsed ultrasound beam has the same intensity at different times during the pulse.
Lateral resolution is also known as which of the following sets?
The x-axis of an M-mode display represents which quantity?
Which statement best describes how M-mode samples data in the body?
The region that includes the focus and extends beyond it is called the
The F-number is defined as which ratio?
In Doppler ultrasound, the frequency difference between the transmitted and received frequencies is called
The end of the near zone marks the location of the
Underestimating the Doppler angle of incidence will result in which error?
What happens to axial resolution when pulse duration shortens?
What happens when pressure is applied to a piezoelectric crystal?
Which property related to a medium's stiffness helps determine the propagation speed?
Increasing PRF to eliminate aliasing in Doppler ultrasound could introduce which artifact?
What is the function of the backing material?
Which of the following is NOT an alternative name for the half-value layer?
If the speed is 1540 m/s and the wavelength is 1.0 mm, the frequency is approximately
PRP is expressed in which unit?
Which adjustment would NOT decrease frame rate?
Sata stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
Which term describes the fraction of sound transmitted at a boundary and the fraction reflected at a boundary?
Attenuation increases with longer path length and higher frequency.
Which term is used to describe the interference of two out-of-phase waves that yields a lower amplitude?
What does HIPAA stand for?
The linear sequential array has a ______ footprint and creates ______ images.
Which parameter measures the ability to distinguish two structures that are close along the beam direction?
Which color would represent an aliased Doppler signal from flow moving away from the transducer?
The effect of backing material on the transducer’s quality factor is to
The intensity of the portion of the incident beam that continues forward in the same general direction that it was traveling is the _______.
If the spike line has a slope, the spike line is
In a piezoelectric transducer, mechanical disruption causes what to happen?
Which statement best describes Rayleigh scattering directionality when the interaction is organized?
Read magnification is NOT related to which of the following?
Which system component implements time gain compensation adjustments?
The highest temporal intensity is the _______.
Which law describes laminar flow in a long straight tube?
In ultrasound beamforming, the method in which echoes from the same depth are held in delay circuitry until all echoes from that depth are received is called what?
During obstetrical ultrasound, which parameter would increase acoustic exposure?
To optimize a Doppler spectral waveform, which control should be adjusted?
Which statement about wavelength is true?
Which processing is performed before image data is stored?
Which Doppler modality provides velocity information but does not provide depth information?
Can the sonographer alter the listening time?
If the beam cross-sectional area increases while power remains constant, intensity will?
What is the equation for acoustic impedance?
A convex array has how many rectangular strips arranged side by side in a bowed line?
In clinical imaging duty factor ranges from ________ or _______.
What is the general term for phenomena that weaken the ultrasound beam?
What is the velocity of an ultrasound wave in bone?
You want to use 3D imaging to display an anatomic structure because 3D has the following advantage over 2D imaging?
The beam gradually _____ within the near zone.
If one ring malfunctions, which portion of the image is lost?
Which statement best contrasts convex arrays with phased arrays in terms of element size?
Which control would you adjust to alter the dynamic range of the displayed echoes?
An obtuse angle is ______.
What is the symbol for nano?
What should be done to improve the Doppler waveform?
With a pulse repetition frequency of 6 kHz, what is the aliasing frequency (Nyquist limit)?
Which parameter is NOT adjustable by the operator?
Multiplying a number by its reciprocal yields ______.
Increased tissue heating could occur when you:
What are the 4 distinct alterations a sound beam undergoes when focused?
Which statement is true about pulse duration?
Elevational resolution is determined by _______.
The propagation speed of sound is lowest in which biological tissue?
Intensity ranges from?
The term duty factor is defined as:
In a sound wave, regions of the medium alternate between ______ and _______.
The distance that a sound wave travels through a medium in 1 second is called:
Which display mode provides a depth-versus-time trace for a single line of sight?
In A-mode, the y-axis represents what?
In obstetric imaging, which imaging mode trade-off would be most applicable to minimize risk to the fetus?
Which action is most likely to decrease beam intensity?
The temperature at which PZT is polarized.
Bulk modulus is closely related to which quality?
Which statement is true about the relationship between duty factor and imaging depth?
Which imaging technique uses multiple transmit angles to reduce speckle and improve border delineation?
What is the wall filter also known as?
Acoustic impedance equals density times the propagation speed. Which option correctly states this?
One megahertz equals how many hertz?
Which statement is true about ultrasonic frequencies?
If the color box width is decreased, what is the expected effect on frame rate?
Which mode is described as displaying a line of dots with varying brightness?
Which term describes the two-way travel time of a pulse?
Describes the property of certain materials to create a voltage when they are mechanically deformed.
The trapezoidal field of view in ultrasound is created by which technique?
The RGB signal is composed of which color channels?
According to Snell's law, the angle of transmission is related to the incident beam angle and
The x-axis in B-mode ultrasound represents which quantity?
If beam area doubles while power remains constant, what happens to intensity?
What happens to power as the ultrasound beam propagates through the body?
Which explanation best describes the etiology of a dark band distal to a highly attenuating or reflecting object in ultrasound imaging?
Which frequency range is considered audible?
Which feature allows automatic population of patient information on the ultrasound system by selecting a patient name?
Contrast resolution is always improved by _______.
Lateral resolution changes with which parameter?
The imaging depth selected by the sonographer affects which parameter?
Which imaging application has the lowest FDA-approved SPTA exposure values?
If the go-return time is 39 µs, the reflector depth is approximately ______.
A higher dynamic range setting in ultrasound imaging primarily results in which change to the displayed image?
When two waves are out-of-phase their peaks occur at different times.
Specular reflection occurs under which condition?
Which artifact involves the sound beam bouncing off multiple reflectors before returning?
If you increased the Doppler transmit frequency during a Doppler exam, which result would be expected?
Color Doppler imaging is used to display what information about blood flow?
Decibels are a _____; The actual level is divided by the _______.
Which statement is true about frequency and medium?
Which of the following lists the six standard methods to measure and report intensities?
A short pulse is created by higher frequency. Which option best describes this statement?
When the sound beam is refracted during a sonographic examination which of the following might you detect on the ultrasound image?
Which device performs interpolation in the imaging chain?
Bow-shaped, bowed array transducers are described by which term?
What sets the Nyquist limit in Doppler color imaging?
The goal in diagnostic imaging is to use the _______ that still provides images to the depth of the structures of clinical interest.
What term is used to describe the reduction in the intensity of sound as it propagates through tissue?
Preprocessing functions may be defined as:
In the scan converter matrix, which term denotes the individual picture elements?
Decibel notation is _______.
Which resolution is related to the dimension perpendicular to the imaging plane, often described as slice thickness?
For a disc shaped crystal the width of the sound beam at the focus is
If the pulse length is reduced, axial resolution generally does what?
What is the primary clinical use of M-mode in cardiology?
What is the propagation speed of fat?
When freezing the ultrasound image, echo information is stored in which component?
When you adjust the pulse repetition frequency, you are changing:
An array transducer where the active elements are arranged in a bowed or arched line.
PRP is ______ related to the maximum imaging depth.
Which intensity descriptor has the lowest numerical value for characterizing a pulsed-wave ultrasonic field?
_____ frequencies improve both axial and lateral resolutions.
A hydrophone measures which property?
Crystal diameter and beam divergence are which kind of related?
Which property describes the weight of material relative to its volume?
Which of the following transducers produces side lobes?
You are imaging a 3D data set that has anisotropic resolution. What does this mean?
Which control most closely affects image brightness?
Which statement best describes cardiac output?
Atherosclerosis begins within which layer of the vessel wall?
The effects of the sound wave upon the biologic tissue through which it passes are called
Spatial peak intensity is always _____ than the spatial average intensity.
Pulse duration is reported in what type of units?
What term describes the point at which flow becomes turbulent?
The matching layer is ______ thick.
What type of transducer could you choose to produce a beam that is symmetrical about the beam axis?
A 4-bit system is capable of a maxima of ___ shades of gray.
Which of the following can cause an electrical interference pattern in ultrasound imaging?
Measuring the intensity of the beam at the instant in time of its maximal value is called
Steering a linear array to form a trapezoidal display improves which aspect of image quality?
You may observe a mirror image artifact with which imaging mode?
If imaging depth is increased, what happens to PRP?
If you increase the pulse repetition frequency and leave all other controls unchanged, what will happen?
A pulse repetition frequency of 12 kHz is equal to which numeric frequency?
Frequency is reported in units of
Pulse average intensity (Ipa) is averaged _________.
What statement is true about the period of a diagnostic ultrasound wave?
The main purpose of time delays during receive focusing is to compensate for differences in distances to the reflector.
Which intensity is the location maximum averaged over the transmit time?
What is the speed of sound in muscle tissue?
Which structure among the following is a Rayleigh scatterer?
Annular phased array transducers use ______ steering.
______ intensity is the most relevant intensity with respect to tissue heating.
Lower frequency sound beams spread out more in which zone?
Which artifact commonly results in echoes filling the lumen of small vessels?
Which term describes reflection from a large, smooth interface?
Which scanning mode does NOT rely on the principle of echo ranging to determine interface location?
Which mode is used to measure dimensions and yields a tracing-like display?
Which transducer type is used to produce a linear array image with parallel scan lines?
The range equation in ultrasound is used to determine which of the following?
B-mode stands for which term?
What can you do to improve the temporal resolution while scanning?
What term refers to regions of decreased particle density in a sound beam?
What is another name for the Hyperechoic artifact distal to a fluid structure?
Which method reduces ringing after the ultrasound system has excited the crystal?
What is the primary purpose of the RF shield around the crystal and backing material of the ultrasound probe?
Which transducer type is best suited to cardiac imaging?
Absorption of acoustic energy results in which form?
Three parameters that describe the magnitude or strength of a wave are which?
Which statement about the speed of sound in different media is true?
Which expression correctly defines the depth in the ultrasound range equation?
Temporal resolution is inversely related to which parameter?
Amplitude, power, and intensity tend to be ______, therefore, when intensity increases power and amplitude also increase.
What term describes the distance from the transducer to the focus?
No reflection will occur if the two media have _______.
Which statement is false about the acoustic variables?
Which system component is affected when you adjust the output power control?
Which method increases amplification applied to echoes from deeper structures to account for attenuation?
Which statement best describes the effect of a sound wave on biological tissue?
With a fixed focus transducer, what two factors determine the focal depth?
Is wavelength adjustable?
Averaging the intensity during the entire PRP (both transmit and receive times).
Both external and internal focusing are considered _______ techniques.
Which artifact is the result of reverberation?
What are the two zones the sound beam enters after leaving the transducer?
When imaging deeper, PRF is ______.
In the context of Doppler aliasing, which artifact is described as a spectrum mirror image?
What is the obvious advantage of phased array systems?
In the law of reflection, the angle of incidence is equal to which angle?
Refraction is
For comparison, high-frequency transducers use which characteristics?
A _______ image is created with a linear sequential array transducer.
With a linear phased array transducer there are as many as _________ that are arranged along the face of the probe.
A standard for handling and transferring images and medical information between computers is:
What is the term for the percentage of ultrasound intensity that passes in the forward direction when a beam strikes an interface between two media?
Intensities are reported with units of?
Which statement about the beam uniformity coefficient is true?
Is propagation speed adjustable?
Which system control should you adjust to compensate for sound attenuation with increasing depth?
What is the term for the opposite of isotropic resolution?
Which statement best describes the relationship between B-mode and M-mode imaging?
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 2nd power?
Secondary lobes off the main sound beam that occur with linear arrays and can produce artifacts are called
What is the speed of sound in air?
Anything that increases attenuation will increase the ______.
Which statement is true about decibel notation?
To focus the beam at greater depths, which design change to the transducer element is recommended?
What is the primary purpose of a PACS?
Gain, TGC, and frame averaging do not affect which aspect of ultrasound, and therefore do not affect exposure?
With linear sequential arrays each crystal is about ______ in width and the array is up to ______ long.
Fill in the blank: A ______ has elements arranged in a linear fashion on a tightly curved radius.
You are examining a patient with retrograde flow as demonstrated in this image. What causes the flow to reverse its normal flow direction (arrow)?
Which term describes the rate at which energy is transferred by a sound wave?
In continuous wave ultrasound, which two temporal intensities are equal?
The strength of the received signal from a specular reflector depends on two factors?
At depths more than two near zone lengths the beam is ______ the active element.
When sound strikes a Specular reflector at an oblique angle, the angle of reflection is:
What is the source of the bright echoes indicated by the arrow in this Doppler waveform?
What information is present in the M-mode display?
The sound beam can be focused by all of the following except:
Where are images stored in the ultrasound system?
Spectral analysis is used to determine what aspect of the Doppler signal?
The region from the transducer to the focus is known as the
Which of the following best describes the main lobe of an ultrasound beam?
Improper adjustment of brightness and contrast on the video monitor is most likely to cause which of the following?
The following two Sagittal images of an artery were obtained with different transducers. What type of resolution is limiting visualization of the arterial lumen in the image on the left?
Which statement is true about the wall filter?
Which technique is commonly used to estimate mean Doppler velocity from color or spectral data by analyzing successive samples?
The delays change _______ during reception of the echoes.
What is the equation for quality factor?
The intensity of the portion of the incident sound beam that returns back in the direction from which it came is the _______.
Which transducer component reduces reflection at the transducer/skin interface?
Which condition begins as a fatty streak within the intimal layer of the vessel wall?
Transmit focusing is achieved with a curved pattern phased excitation of the active elements.
Which equation correctly expresses pulse duration?
When imaging at shallow depths, the time from one pulse to the next is ______.
When a reflector is located superficially, the time from pulse creation to reception is ______.
Which option is not a standard method to improve resolution in ultrasound imaging?
The transmission angle is defined as the angle between the transmitted wave and which line?
What are 2 characteristics that create pulses of short duration?
Which parameter controls the Nyquist limit in Doppler ultrasound?
Reflections arising from the focal zone create images that are ______ than those from other depths.
You obtained a 3D sweep in an axial plane and are viewing it in a multiplanar display. What orthogonal planes will be displayed?
Which intensity is defined as the spatial average intensity?
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the -6th power?
At the beginning of the far zone the beam is how wide compared to the transducer?
Color Doppler uses a _____ pulse length compared to B-mode imaging to compensate for the lower reflectivity of red blood cells relative to tissue.
When a sound beam strikes a tissue boundary at a 90 degree angle reflection occurs only if the media on either side of the boundary have ________.
Caused by a lower attenuation within the structure than in the surrounding tissue.
As sound travels, which property of the beam changes?
Both in-phase and out-of-phase wave pairs undergo interference.
The inner crystal of an annular phased array transducer creates a ______ focus beam and collects information only from the ______ depths. All other information from the inner crystals sound pulse is ______.
Another term for nonspecular reflection:
Which statement describes long pulses?
Which tissue has propagation speed of 1,600 m/s?
What is the purpose of curving transducer elements or applying a lens over the elements?
If the amplitude of a wave doubles, the power becomes ...
Duty factors for imaging systems must always be ______.
What is the effect of increasing bandwidth on Q factor, assuming main frequency constant?
What are the units used to measure power in ultrasound?
The linear sequential array produces rectangular images.
Which component stores the acquired data before processing for display?
In M-mode, the z-axis represents what?
In general, blood flow becomes turbulent at Reynolds numbers exceeding which value?
Attenuation increases with increasing which of the following?
Which sequence correctly lists tissues from lowest to highest speed of sound?
The number of pulses that an ultrasound system transmits into the body each second.
What is the equation for PRP?
With continuous-wave ultrasound, SPTA equals which intensity?
Which statement about the thermal index (TI) is true?
Which term refers to the transmit time only (pulse duration)?
The horizontal axis on an ultrasound display runs in which direction?
What primarily determines the speed of sound in tissue?
Which intensity is the pulse average during the pulse duration?
A region around the focus where the beam is relatively narrow.
What are 2 characteristics of more divergence?
As a sound beam strikes a boundary energy is ______ and what equation applies?
A duty factor of 0.003 corresponds to what percent?
Which fraction of a wavelength is optimal for the matching layer thickness?
Which statement about amplitude is true?
Which type of resolution is best in clinical imaging systems?
Which type of transducer typically has a curved footprint and is used to produce broad sector images?
Which technology would be most helpful to obtain accurate anatomic volume measurements?
______ focusing is achieved dynamically by introducing electrical delays in the signals returning from the transducer elements to the ultrasound system following echo reception.
Which type of ultrasound transducer provides the largest field of view in both the near field and at depth?
Attenuation is reported as which type of change?
Which feature lines the inside of the transducer case with a thin metallic barrier to block spurious signals?
The typical pulse duration in diagnostic ultrasound is?
Wavelength is determined by _________.
Which equation expresses axial resolution in ultrasound imaging?
Is the frequency adjustable?
An area reduction of 90% corresponds to what percent diameter reduction?
If a typical pulse duration is 200 microseconds, the pulse repetition period would likely fall in which range?
A bending of the sound beam that results in lateral misregistration of structures posterior to the refracted beam.
Doppler pulses used for diagnostic purposes are typically ______ cycles long:
In clinical imaging, the frequency range is typically from which two values?
What is another name for parallel processing?
What two conditions must be present to cause refraction of a sound wave?
What is the main advantage of using an intracavitary probe compared to a standard transducer?
The hyperechoic region results from which mechanism?
What system control determines the amount of amplification that occurs in the receiver?
The sound beam is directed straight ahead when the spike line is
Which of the following is a characteristic of a thin half-value layer?
The bigness of a wave is defined as what?
What term denotes the time required to complete one ultrasound pulse?
What is the effect of increasing crystal diameter on beam divergence in the far field?
Instruments that penetrate the skin or mucous membranes require which procedural level?
The primary advantage of annular phased arrays is that ________ create each scan line of the image.
Satp stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
Which term describes the conversion of an acoustic pressure into an electrical signal inside the transducer?
Which Doppler control most directly reduces the display of low-velocity Doppler signals when increased?
If the number of cycles in a pulse increases while the wavelength remains the same, spatial pulse length will:
Which statement best describes the relationship between decibel sign and signal strength?
Side lobes in ultrasound beam patterns are best described as energy:
Is intensity adjustable?
Which component is responsible for converting electrical energy into mechanical ultrasonic waves in the transducer?
Which velocity metric is most commonly reported as the primary measure of arterial flow?
Which design feature is characteristic of convex sequential arrays?
Which statement about imaging probes is true?
The focusing method that uses electronic delays across array elements is called?
As the number of pixels increases, the spatial resolution of the image ______.
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the -1st power?
Which velocity profile best describes laminar flow in a circular vessel?
The location where the sound beam reaches its narrowest diameter is called the:
Spectral broadening in a Doppler waveform is most commonly associated with?
In tissues that attenuate sound greatly such as lung or bone, the HVL is:
If the intensity transmission coefficient at a boundary is 1/100, what is the intensity reflection coefficient?
Lateral resolution (mm) equals which of the following?
The focal depth of a mechanical transducer is fixed. Which term best describes this characteristic?
An array transducer provides which advantage?
The most numerous cells in the blood are erythrocytes. Which option best describes this statement?
_____ frequencies are best to use for scanning a large patient's abdomen.
What sound parameter is determined only by the medium?
Which artifact is mitigated by subdicing in array transducers?
If density doubles while average flow speed and tube diameter stay the same, Reynolds number will:
Which term is used to describe the number of pulse ensembles stored during a Doppler acquisition?
The ability to distinguish similar structures with varying gray scale is termed
What is the minimum distance two front-to-back structures can be apart and still produce two distinct echoes on an ultrasound image?
Which are the two conditions for refraction?
In clinical imaging the half-value layer ranges for typical values?
What alternate name is given for the beam uniformity coefficient?
In a linear sequential array transducer, the sound beams are usually directed ________.
Measures at the location where intensity is maximum, averaged over the transmit time (pulse duration).
Who controls the depth of view?
In three-dimensional ultrasound data, what term refers to the basic 3D unit?
Which of the following represents the temporal peak intensity?
Refraction is most likely observed in which view during sonography?
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting HVL thickness?
What system control is used to equalize echo amplitudes from structures at different depths?
Which term describes the region beyond the focus?
If the time of flight is 13 μs, what is the reflector depth and the total distance traveled?
The phenomenon describing decreased pressure at a stenosis due to increased velocity is known as what?
The speed of sound is defined as the
In laminar, fully developed flow within a tube, what is the typical shape of the velocity profile?
The statement 'ALARA aims to reduce exposure at the expense of diagnostic image quality' is true or false?
Which option represents a non-pressure unit, i.e., not a unit of pressure?
In a pulsed wave transducer the speed of sound in PZT and the frequency of sound are _____ related.
Rainbow maps color encoding in vascular studies is to depict what information?
Which statement about Reynolds number is true?
Which parameter helps prevent aliasing by controlling the maximum detectable velocity?
What happens to density during rarefaction?
In A-mode, the 'A' stands for which term?
Which potential bioeffect occurs through absorption of sound energy by tissue?
Temporal peak intensity (Itp) is maximum in which domain?
What control should you adjust to better compensate for the attenuation of sound as it propagates through tissue?
PRP is related only to which factor?
What term describes results from decreased attenuation through a fluid-filled structure compared with surrounding tissue?
What specific measurement is tested by a Doppler flow phantom that is not directly tested by simple structural imaging?
Which term represents the inner layer of the vessel wall?
Which concept refers to all time, including transmit and receive, when describing ultrasound intensity?
_____ maps have a green shade that is used to indicate turbulence.
Which statement is true about increasing frequency in ultrasound imaging?
Which statement best describes axial resolution in imaging transducers?
Which term describes the gradual spread of the ultrasound beam in the far field?
The conversion of an incident pressure wave to an electrical signal is the:
A flow condition in which parallel streamlines of flow are present within a tube is termed:
If the innermost ring malfunctions the ________ region of the image is lost.
Elevational resolution refers to the ability to distinguish details in which orientation relative to the ultrasound beam?
Is the pulse repetition period adjustable?
Which value defines the Nyquist limit in pulsed Doppler measurements?
Which statement best describes a typical disadvantage of a small-footprint ultrasound transducer?
According to the stated relation, the attenuation coefficient (dB/cm) equals the frequency (MHz) divided by 2. Which expression represents this coefficient?
Which statement about sound propagation in a vacuum is true?
In linear phased arrays, if the electronic pattern has a slope, the sound beam is ______.
What method is most commonly used to perform spectral analysis for pulsed Doppler?
Which sound parameter is defined as the distance between successive peaks of the pressure wave?
The pulse duration is determined by?
These B-mode images of the common carotid artery show a graphic overlay indicating the number of lines of sight used to acquire each frame. Which statement is true comparing image A to image B?
To improve color frame rate, which adjustment should you make?
Which parameter is directly associated with expanding the velocity range measurable without aliasing in pulsed Doppler?
Which tissue is described as having very high attenuation due to strong absorption of ultrasound energy?
What artifact occurs when the PRF is set too low during Doppler interrogation?
To measure penetration on a tissue-mimicking phantom, how should the master gain and acoustic output be adjusted?
Which method filters out the transmitted frequency and leaves harmonic frequencies for display?
______ steering is not possible with annular arrays.
Which intensity is the maximum at a single spatial point within the beam?
Which control is used to amplify echoes from deeper structures so that they appear as bright as similar structures located at shallower depths?
Positive decibels report signals that are ______ in strength or getting ______.
Which statement best describes intensity in relation to tissue properties and beam shape?
Which display mode is optimized for visualizing motion of internal structures over time?
Which term is another name for frame averaging in real-time ultrasound?
As a result of absorption, higher frequency waves attenuate more than lower frequency waves.
A sloped pattern excites the ______ active element first.
When creating anatomic images, duty factors are in the range of _____, indicating that ultrasound systems spend a very small percentage of time transmitting and a very large percentage of time receiving.
Temporal average intensity Ita is averaged over which part of the signal?
Which pair corresponds to thousands and thousandths?
A transducer is any device that ______.
Acoustic impedance is defined as the product of which quantities?
Which factor does not determine the spatial resolution of the scan converter?
In biologic media, impedance values are commonly expressed in which units?
What are the two components of the pulse repetition period?
When the depth of view is deep, the PRP is _____.
What term describes frequency greater than 20 kHz?
In A-mode, which axis represents Amplitude?
Which transducer type has the same measurement for elevational and lateral resolution?
Frequencies greater than _____ are ultrasonic.
____ improves lateral resolution by concentrating the sound energy into a narrower beam.
Which term describes the deliberate reduction of sidelobes by varying element amplitudes across the array?
Lateral resolution is best at the _____ where the beam is narrowest.
Is the pulse repetition frequency adjustable?
Another name for axial resolution is:
PRP is determined by?
Read magnification is associated with which read magnification-related item?
Which statement correctly describes refraction in terms of wave travel?
Which of the following is NOT a contributor to attenuation?
While scanning a curved structure, you notice shadowing at the lateral edges. What is required for this artifact to occur?
When using higher-frequency transducers, what is the typical trade-off?
The sound beam is ______ if the spike line is straight.
Aliasing artifact description in PW Doppler when frequency shift is greater than half the Doppler PRF.
Which statement about audibility is true?
Which two physical properties are used in the impedance equation Z = ρ × c?
Which quantity is a measure of particle motion in a medium?
Which statement is true about convex arrays?
Which parameter changes when a system's maximum imaging depth is adjusted?
Which tissue is most likely to have a thicker HVL?
Which factors affect the presence of the systolic spectral window in Doppler waveform analysis?
Which unit is used to measure distance in the acoustic variable context?
What is the relationship between axial resolution and pulse length?
Thinner active elements create which combination of wavelength and frequency?
Differences in impedance result in which phenomenon at boundaries?
Which entity is covered by HIPAA privacy rules?
Higher frequency yields better axial resolution but higher attenuation with depth.
Which probe would provide the best axial resolution to measure the thickness of a small structure?
With specular reflectors the angle of reflection is ____ to the angle of transmission.
Which angle has a measure of exactly 90 degrees?
Axial resolution is proportional to which parameter?
Backing material is also called the _______.
Which color combination is used on a color monitor to produce the range of available colors?
If you choose a lower-frequency transducer to image a highly attenuating structure, what trade off are you making?
Which imaging modality provides volumetric representations by stacking two-dimensional slices into a three-dimensional model?
The transducer is receiving signals from reflectors in the body during the ______.
What term describes adjustable or multiple focusing in ultrasound systems?
Which color control was changed from image A to image B?
Which of the following best describes M-mode?
Period and frequency have a special relationship called?
Which statement best describes a fixed focusing system's adjustability during imaging?
What is used to amplify echo signals from deeper structures that have undergone greater attenuation than echoes from shallow structures?
The half-value layer is thicker for tissues that attenuate sound a little, such as fluids.
Which term describes the loss of beam intensity due to tissue propagation?
Propagation speed ____ affect attenuation of the sound beam.
The motion of particles in a fluid within an intense ultrasound beam is called what?
Which prefix has the symbol 'h' and means Hundred?
Attenuation in muscle is described as:
What term describes the degree of attenuation per centimeter of sound propagation?
Reverberation artifact is produced by echoes between two closely spaced strong reflectors, creating multiple echoes.
An M-mode display is most commonly used for what type of ultrasound imaging?
Which statement about typical impedance values in biologic media is true?
Which feature is present in a Doppler spectral waveform?
Demodulation is accomplished by which pair of processes (filtering)?
Sppa stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
Which prefix corresponds to a factor of one thousand?
Which factor determines acoustic impedance in soft tissue?
Cardiac output is defined as which of the following?
Thereby altering the _______ focal depth variably.
Which term describes energy transferred per unit area per unit time?
Which resolution corresponds to beam width perpendicular to the imaging plane?
Which of the following can reduce the presence of grating lobes in ultrasound imaging?
Lateral resolution depends on ______.
Attenuation on soft tissue is described as:
When a wave's intensity doubles, the relative change is ______.
The y-axis of the A-mode represents _______.
Which statement best describes how the focal depth behaves in a fixed-focus system?
Which component is positioned in front of the PZT at the face of the transducer?
Which statement about attenuation is true?
The brightness of the dot in B-mode indicates the ______.
When color Doppler is active, how many pulses per scan line are typically used to create the underlying B-mode image?
The image shape produced by a mechanical transducer is often described as which of the following?
Because imaging probes use backing material and have a wide bandwidth they are often referred to as ______.
The time-of-flight is ______ related to the depth that sound pulse travels.
Which region is defined as the region around the focus where the beam is relatively narrow?
Acoustic impedance equals the product of which two properties?
In A-mode, the y-axis represents which quantity?
With annular phased array transducers a two dimensional image is built up by ______ rotating the ringed element array so that it transmits sound beams in ______ directions.
Which statement describes a beam that is symmetric about the beam axis?
If the PRP increases while the pulse duration remains constant, what happens to the duty factor?
Which component determines the period of an emitted ultrasound wave?
The maximum value for duty factor is?
Which term describes a flow profile with a parabolic velocity distribution?
Which phenomenon describes the reinforcement of waves when they arrive in phase?
Which term is not among the listed alternate names for axial resolution?
Which term denotes the intensity value at the beam's maximum location?
You are using a linear array transducer with 4 transmit focal zones. How many pulses are required on each scan line to create the image?
Frequency is defined as the number of cycles per ______.
Frequency ____ affect propagation speed.
During transmission the electrical energy from the system is converted into sound.
What term describes the range between the highest and lowest frequencies in the emitted pulse?
In the two divergence angle equations, one uses frequency with diameter and the other uses wavelength with diameter.
Electronic steering is most commonly applied to which real-time transducer?
Diffraction of the sound beam is caused by what condition?
What system control should be adjusted to optimize a Doppler waveform's display?
Which trio contributes to attenuation?
Which statement best describes divergence behavior as frequency increases?
Wavelength is defined as the distance over which one complete cycle occurs.
Is spatial pulse length equal to the product of wavelength and the number of cycles in the pulse?
Spatial resolution consists of which two components?
If you are imaging with a 5 MHz linear array transducer, which sound parameter stays constant as the beam propagates through tissue?
In convex sequential arrays ________ of the crystals are fired simultaneously to create a single sound beam.
Which statement best captures the relationship between PRF and depth of view?
Which format is commonly used to archive ultrasound images in a standardized way?
If the beam width increases, how does lateral resolution change?
What is the primary purpose of pulsing in order to determine depth?
Which technology enables adjustable focusing by altering the timing among array elements?
Which explains why the frame rate decreases when color Doppler is activated?
Diffuse reflection is best described as which?
The far zone is known as which term?
The further sound travels, the attenuation becomes ______ and the beam becomes ______.
Which of the following pairs describes two terms used to describe stiffness in a material?
The intensity of a sound beam varies depending on the _______.
What is another name for pulse duration?
Which artifact appears as a bright, comet-tail like streak behind a strong reflector?
Which statement best describes the Doppler frequency shift when you encounter high velocities within a vessel?
Oblique angles consist of which of the following?
The mechanical transducer contains a single circular disc-shaped active element that is physically moved. Which description best matches this statement?
Which term best describes the property that enables a material to generate a voltage when mechanically strained?
Which term describes the fraction of incident energy that is transmitted at a boundary?
Which equation defines ITC?
For a linear phased array transducer the beam is steered and focused using an electrical technique called _______.
When an electrical signal is applied to a piezoelectric element, what happens to the element?
What are 2 characteristics of a Shallow focus?
By comparing rods labeled A and B in the phantom image, which conclusion is supported?
The maximum cyclical change in a quantity is known as?
Which method reduces electronic noise in the ultrasound system?
Coefficients are reported as _____ without _____.
Which acronym denotes Spatial Average, Temporal Average?
In sound wave propagation, the region of elevated pressure is called what?
The numerical value for axial resolution is _______ the value for lateral resolution.
In clinical situations axial resolution is ______ lateral resolution because ultrasound pulses are shorter than they are wide.
Which intensity is measured at the location where intensity is maximum and at the instant when the pulse is strongest?
The transfer of acoustic energy into heat within tissue is known as which phenomenon?
The unit used to express sound intensity is the ______.
Which statement best describes the beam formation in annular arrays across rings?
Which statement best describes how power behaves as it travels through tissue?
The color Doppler portion of the image is parallelogram-shaped because the electrical spike patterns creating the doppler beams are which?
Using the equation PRP = imaging depth × 13 μs/cm, what is the PRP for a depth of 5 cm?
If the speed of Medium 1 equals the speed of Medium 2, there will be _____ refraction, and the transmission angle is ______ the incident angle.
Which term describes the propagation of sound through a medium, including how it travels and interacts with tissue?
Which statement about deep focus is true?
The ability to distinguish between adjacent structures that produce echoes of similar amplitude is termed:
Stiffness and propagation speed are ______ related.
Which option best describes a comprehensive ultrasound system preventative maintenance program?
Temporal pulse length is another name for which parameter?
Which component is described as the combination of the active element, its wire, and the system electronics?
Which scenario is most likely to produce turbulent flow?
The Doppler frequency shift is defined as:
Sound must travel through a ______, where molecules are alternately ______ and _______.
Doubling the frequency causes the wavelength to
According to the Frank-Starling mechanism, after a longer cardiac cycle in an arrhythmia, the next peak systolic velocity will be:
In convex array operation, to form a single beam, the system typically fires:
Refraction depends on both ______ and different media _____.
Which action is NOT compliant with HIPAA?
Is axial resolution adjustable?
Color Doppler aliasing occurs when the pulse repetition frequency is too low to sample high-velocity flow.
Which phenomenon weakens the forward-traveling portion of the wave?
Increasing the Doppler angle ______ the Doppler frequency shift for any given velocity.
In clinical imaging, typical frequency ranges are around
What is the lower bound of the audible frequency range?
Which Doppler analysis technique displays velocity information as a plot of frequency content versus time?
Reflection magnitude at a boundary depends on which factor?
In Doppler imaging, the angle of the beam to the vessel is approximately:
According to the Doppler equation, for any given velocity, the frequency shift will increase by increasing the:
Which prefix equals 10^-3?
In a disc shaped crystal, the width of the beam at the focus is one half the width of the beam leaving the transducer.
The matching layer ______ reflections at the PZT/skin boundary, thereby ______ the percentage of transmitted sound.
Concentration of mass in a volume.
Which statement best describes the wall filter's purpose?
Dynamic receive focusing is performed ______.
After a short walking exercise, the venous pressure at the ankle of a standing normal subject is:
Higher frequency ultrasound provides better axial resolution because it shortens the spatial pulse length.
Which function is postprocessing in ultrasound image formation?
The rank of intensities from largest to smallest is?
Color Doppler color significantly overwriting the vessel wall. Which explanation best accounts for this?
Which shape is commonly associated with the imaging field of phased array transducers?
The sound waves intensity immediately before it strikes a boundary is called _______.
If the frequency doubles, what happens to the attenuation coefficient according to Attenuation coefficient (dB/cm) = Frequency (MHz)/2?
In ultrasound performance testing, what defines the dead zone?
Which artifact is a mirror of the true waveform across the baseline due to aliasing?
A digital scan converter is another name for which component?
The greater the pressure difference between two points, the ______ the flow rate.
What process describes the conversion of sound energy into heat in tissue?
The end results of a lens or transducer crystal issue can include which of the following?
What term describes the number of cycles that occur in one second?
Which term refers to bending of a wave when entering a medium with a different speed?
In tissue harmonic imaging, the receiver selectively 'listens' to the harmonic frequencies that were generated as the sound traveled through the tissue.
If a crack appears in the transducer, what action should be taken?
Which factor determines the brightness of a single dot on a B-mode display?
Which control most directly adjusts the intensity of the transmitted ultrasound pulse?
A focus can be considered the _____ of a sound beam.
How are M-mode displays created during ultrasound imaging?
Acoustic impedance is also called _______.
Which phenomenon results in the bending of the beam as it passes between media?
Two items are associated such that when one item increases, the other decreases. This relationship is called:
Which quantity describes the energy that travels forward after striking a boundary?
Where would a pressure drop occur to cause retrograde flow in the downstream artery?
Which of the following could be used to increase the color frame rate for a cardiac image?
Which flow state is best described by a smooth, orderly progression of layers along the vessel wall?
Within the far zone the beam tends to do what?
What is the speed of sound in soft tissue?
Which tissue has speed closest to 1,540 m/s?
What is the effect of decreasing the acoustic scan line density on temporal resolution?
Reducing spatial pulse length improves
Reflection of an ultrasound wave depends upon __________.
Which transducer type is commonly used to enable electronic steering and dynamic focusing of the beam?
The Reynolds number increases with increasing:
Is the period adjustable?
Digital-to-Analog conversion occurs at which point in the imaging chain?
You are imaging a fluid-filled structure that has equidistant horizontal bands appearing in the near field. The bands have decreasing brightness with depth. What artifact are you imaging?
Which change would most directly increase the frame rate by reducing data collected along each scan line?
Can the sonographer change the pulse duration?
Which transducer type is best suited for superficial imaging of musculoskeletal structures?
What is the typical range for the speed of sound in the human body?
The ______ is used to eliminate frequency shifts below a set threshold from the display.
During a Doppler exam, the transmitted signal frequency is determined by which of the following?
Which control reduces weak echoes from the display?
What term describes the rate at which the transmitter applies electrical pulses to the transducer?
You notice a loss of detail in the lateral dimension of the ultrasound image. What can you do to improve this?
Which Doppler artifact is described as a duplication of the spectrum across the baseline?
Pulse duration is ______ to the period.
The reflected signal from Rayleigh scatterers increases to the ____ of the frequency.
The half-value layer is thin for tissues that attenuate sound a great deal, such as lung or bone.
For a large patient, which transducer would provide the least amount of signal attenuation?
With a 17 cm/s color map, the end colors on the bar indicate velocities beyond the scale.
How do linear arrays steer sound beams?
Which transducer type produces a rectangular image shape?
Which statement describes a single emitted pulse's duration?
Using smaller diameter PZT crystals in annular arrays tends to produce beams with which characteristic?
If sound waves of 3 MHz, 5 MHz, and 10 MHz are transmitted through the same tissue, reflections from which frequency would reach the transducer first?
Aliasing occurs when the Doppler signal frequency exceeds which fraction of PRF?
A Doppler ultrasound system operates with a pulse repetition frequency of 12 kHz. Which numeric frequency does this correspond to?
The time that the sound beam is actually on is defined as which quantity?
If PRF doubles, PRP becomes what relative?
If speed2 is less than speed1, the transmission angle will be
Which statement describes short pulses?
The elapsed time between the transmitted pulse and the detected echo is 26 microseconds. How far is the interface from the transducer?
______ are the same as the side lobes, but occur with array transducers.
The term temporal refers to?
Where is the point of maximum intensity in a sound beam?
For sound reflection at the interface of two media to occur, what condition must be met?
Determined by the sound source, not by the medium.
In color Doppler displays, which color typically represents positive Doppler shifts?
What limitation is present when you use high-PRF Doppler?
Spatial pulse length is inversely proportional to which factor?
What are the two functions of the matching layer?
Which term describes the rate at which the ultrasound beam loses intensity per unit length?
Spatial pulse length and pulse duration are related how?
In soft tissue, how are the attenuation coefficient and frequency related?
What is the speed of sound in lung tissue?
What is an advantage of a water-path scanner?
Which statement best describes a phased array transducer?
Which term describes reflection that occurs when the interface is small, less than several wavelengths across?
The transmission angle will be greater than the incident angle when the speed of Medium 2 is ______ the speed of Medium 1.
Which frequency choice is associated with the greatest scattering intensity according to Rayleigh scattering theory?
The rate of energy transfer or the rate at which work is performed is called
Attenuation is extremely low in which medium?
Temporal describes intensity over which time domain?
The sonographer can change pulse repetition frequency by adjusting which parameter?
Which imaging technique reduces speckle by combining data from multiple angles?
Which statement describes the purpose of the three bigness parameters?
The SP/SA factor is ______ with a value of _______.
What advantage is associated with a tightly curved array?
Which term describes the low-pressure portion of a sound wave?
Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting attenuation of the ultrasound beam?
For a linear array transducer consisting of a single row of elements, what method is most used to focus the beam in the elevational direction?
The ratio of the focal length to the size of the aperture is known as F-number.
Which term denotes the time it takes for one cycle to occur in a periodic signal?
What are the 4 characteristics of deeper imaging?
Duty factor is determined by?
What aspect of the Doppler spectrum is color-encoded with color Doppler?
Which bit depth yields 32 shades of gray?
Wavelength is measured in
Which formula represents axial resolution in soft tissue?
Which term is an alternative name for the far zone?
The matching layer between the piezoelectric element and the tissue is designed to:
If the frame rate is too slow for adequate temporal resolution, which action would most directly improve frame rate?
Which statement best describes attenuation in soft tissue?
As imaging depth increases transmit time remains _______ while listening time is ______.
A transducer with a 3 MHz center frequency produces a pulse range of 1 MHz to 5 MHz; the bandwidth is 4 MHz. Which set correctly states these values?
Indicates the volume of blood moving during a particular time.
The advantage you obtain with a wide-bandwidth transducer compared to a narrow-band transducer is:
Which resolution refers to distinguishing two structures along the path of the ultrasound beam?
What are two characteristics of high-frequency pulsed wave imaging transducers?
The focus of a sound beam is the same as the
Obtuse angles are ______.
A longitudinal wave is characterized by
The only acoustic parameter that is determined by both the source and the medium.
Given a pulse with 4 cycles at 2 MHz, what is the pulse duration?
What type of Doppler device uses two elements, one to receive and one to transmit?
Which ultrasound examination would require the highest frame rate?
Which mode provides a two-dimensional grayscale image of anatomy?
Which resolution describes distinguishing two structures side by side perpendicular to the beam?
What is the advantage of using multiple transmit focal zones?
What artifact is described as shadowing at the lateral edges of the curved structure?
To maintain the same temporal resolution after expanding the image sector width to visualize a large mass, which adjustment should be made?
Velocity estimation in Doppler ultrasound is based on the measurement of which parameter?
Which angle is less than 90 degrees?
The edge shadowing seen with curved interfaces is caused by
String test objects are used to evaluate which aspect of Doppler performance?
Wavelength in soft tissue ranges from _______.
Complete destructive interference of echo reflections will affect the display in the following way:
Which imaging technique will improve border definition?
Which technique reduces speckle by combining information from different angles?
In M-mode, a line that moves up and down on the display indicates what about the reflector's motion?
Which region starts at the focus and extends deeper?
With shallow imaging the listening time and the pulse repetition period ______.
The far zone is also known as which of the following terms?
Which artifact may cause both axial and lateral displacement of a reflector on the image?
Two phantom images obtained with maximum gain and power using two transducers suggest which conclusion?
Which statement best describes sound propagation in a medium?
Which formula correctly expresses focal depth in cm using diameter in millimeters and frequency in MHz?
Damping reduces which of the following?
Q factor is _____ related to the pulse length.
Subdicing reduces which artifact?
A specular reflector is best visualized when the incident beam is at which angle?
Which of the following is a characteristic of imaging transducers?
Which center frequency produces the thinnest crystal?
What system component is most responsible for transmit focusing?
Which parameter would you adjust to raise the baseline of a Doppler spectrum?
A negative Doppler shift indicates flow away from the transducer.
Elevational resolution concerns distinguishing objects in which plane?
Propagation speed ____ with increased density.
The coefficients IRC and ITC are both reported as ______ and are therefore ______.
What happens to piezoelectric properties when exposed to high temperature?
Shortening the emitted pulse length primarily improves which imaging property?
Pulse repetition frequency is determined by which factor?
If the power is constant and the beam area increases, intensity will?
Which unit is commonly used to express frequency?
Which factor can cause the propagation speed to change?
The dimensions of which component determine the characteristics of the emitted sound beam?
If the amplitude is increased by a factor of 3, intensity increases by a factor of ...
What component is bonded to the back of the active element to reduce ringing and dampen the emitted pulse?
For pulsed wave transducers, which active-element size creates higher frequency sound pulses?
Which two factors determine spatial pulse length?
In harmonic imaging, which statement is true?
The impedance of PZT is about how many times greater than the impedance of skin?
Sptp stands for which combination of spatial and temporal descriptors?
According to the Doppler equation, increasing transmit frequency will increase the Doppler frequency shift for a given velocity. Which option best reflects this?
The transducer you are using transmits wide-bandwidth pulses whose frequency content is 2-5MHz. Which of the following most correctly describes the reflected echo signals after they have traversed the tissue?
The number of pulses emitted by the transducer in one second.
If the time of flight is 26 μs, the reflector depth is _____ and the total distance traveled is _____.
The length of space over which one cycle occurs is known as the:
By adjusting imaging depth, the operator changes PRP, PRF, and duty factor. Which item is not changed by depth?
Which term refers to the maximum intensity location in the beam?
What term describes the depth discrimination ability of ultrasound?
The length of the train from the beginning of the locomotive to the end of the caboose would be considered the which?
Mean Doppler frequency shift is obtained by which technique?
Non stiff media are described as?
A decrease in intensity, power, and amplitude as sound travels is called:
A number followed by the word percent is ______.
If you make a mistake in the measurement of the Doppler angle, the error in velocity estimation will be greatest at which Doppler angle?
Which transducer type is typically used to produce a rectangular field with parallel scan lines?
In the images in the previous question, what technique is used to fill in the empty data between the scan lines?
The time from the start of one pulse to the start of the next includes which components?
Period x Frequency = ?
Which imaging is specifically designed to reduce speckle noise while preserving edges?
A decibel value of 0 indicates that the actual level equals the starting level.
Piezoelectric materials change shape when a voltage is applied to them, a process called ______.
Reflection is likely to occur when the boundary dimension is ______.
Which option is NOT listed as a form of wave in the examples?
Which material is commonly used in clinical ultrasound transducers due to its piezoelectric properties?
PRF is _____ related to the maximum imaging depth.
The constant used in the depth equation to convert go-return time to depth is 1.54 mm per microsecond. Which of the following values is correct?
Axial resolution is related to______.
Interpolation in the scan converter primarily serves to which of the following?
In a hepatic color Doppler study, there is no color signal in the portal vein. Which adjustment improves sensitivity to slow flow?
Which term describes the redistribution of sound energy into many directions when a wave hits a rough boundary?
Which imaging mode is specifically designed to measure blood flow velocity using Doppler shifts?
Which statement best describes DICOM interoperability?
Axial resolution improves with higher frequencies due to which type of pulses?
Which statement is true about deeper imaging?
Which examination modality is most likely to have a high SPTA value?
Among blood, muscle, tendon, and bone, which has the fastest speed of sound?
Refraction will not be observed in a sonographic image under which condition?
Which tissue has attenuation higher than muscle?
What determines the speed of sound?
Read-zoom over the area of interest is used to:
Lateral resolution is determined by the _________.
Which term describes filling in data between scan lines to generate a continuous image?
Which term describes the cumulative loss of wave energy as it travels through tissue?
To avoid aliasing in Doppler imaging, which adjustment would help?
Which term describes the mapping of signal amplitude to grayscale levels on the display?
Spatial pulse length is defined as the product of the number of cycles in a pulse and the wavelength.
Pulse repetition frequency is determined by which of the following?
Refraction occurs only if what two conditions are satisfied?
What term describes frequency between 20 Hz and 20 kHz?
Compensation is generally referred to as Time gain compensation or Depth gain compensation.
Transmitted intensity is defined as the energy that ______.
Increasing which of the following will result in improved axial resolution?
What is the relationship of frequency to absorption?
Attenuation is determined by what two factors?
A study designed to determine if there is an association between an adverse effect in a population and exposure to a particular agent is a(n):
When one element in a linear sequential array transducer is damaged, which lines are affected?
The salt and pepper appearance you observe in ultrasound images is a result of:
When the speeds of two media are identical, which statement is true about refraction?
When the boundary is smooth, the reflected sound is directed in a single organized direction. This type of reflection is called what?
The typical value of period in diagnostic ultrasound is?
The typical value of pulse repetition frequency is?
Decibels report _______.
Which Doppler technique is used to measure high velocities with reduced aliasing?
If the frequency is doubled, Rayleigh scattering intensity increases by how many times?
Which technology enables adjustable focusing in ultrasound transducers?
What term denotes the relative amplitude of the signal compared to the amplitude of the noise?
Which zone is closest to the transducer? (Alternative option)
What is the consequence of a large acoustic impedance mismatch at a tissue interface?
Which pair correctly lists the prefixes for billions and billionths?
Whenever the crystal in any single crystal transducer breaks, the result is which?
Which term describes a flow profile where velocity distribution causes a broad spectral display?
What transducer component is designed to control ringing of the piezoelectric element?
Refraction artifact yields which displayed effect?
Focusing with the electronics of the ultrasound system is an example of which focusing type?
Pulsing of the transmitted sound is necessary for real-time imaging because which is true?
When the beam is two near zone lengths from the transducer the beam is ______ as the active element.
What depth yields PRF of 5,000 Hz?
Which condition is most likely when arterial waveform is normal in shape but velocities are low across all vessels?
Which two characteristics of a medium affect the speed of sound?
In the standard color Doppler map, which color represents the highest positive Doppler shift?
The thermal index indicates:
High pulse repetition frequency (PRF) helps reduce aliasing in Doppler imaging but may introduce what trade-off?
The time for one pulse to occur is known as the:
A Doppler waveform displays aliasing when the waveform wraps around the baseline.
Decreasing the image sector width has what effect on frame rate?
Doppler angle of incidence is defined as the angle between which two things?
An alternative focal depth formula is focal depth (cm) = (diameter (mm)^2 / 40) x wavelength (mm). Which option matches this exactly?
Spatial pulse length has units of
Variance maps are primarily used for _____ scanning.
How many lines of sight are sampled and displayed on the monitor in A-mode?
The thickness of the PZT crystal in a pulsed wave transducer is equal to what fraction of the wavelength?
Which statement best defines attenuation in ultrasound?
What describes sound propagation through a vacuum?
Which factor does not affect impedance?
Pulse repetition frequency is defined as the number of what per second?
The value of the ITC ranges from ______ and is defined by what 2 equations?
Impedance increases when density and propagation speed increase. It is affected by stiffness and is not affected by which property?
To convert Doppler shift frequency spectrum into velocities, which parameters must be known?
If the frequency of a sound wave is below the threshold of human hearing, it is defined as.
The graph of two inversely related items extends between which corners of a standard Cartesian plane?
Which change would most likely increase the intensity at the focus of the ultrasound beam?
Which artifact is caused by reverberation resulting in multiple echoes?
If the reflector depth is 4 cm, the time-of-flight is approximately ______.
Higher frequency sound produces a beam with _____ divergence.
A sound wave is a _____.
What factor is necessary to obtain velocity information from the Doppler frequency shift?
In a linear phased array, how many active elements are used to form each beam?
PACS stands for?
With linear phased array transducers the outer crystals are excited ______ than the inner crystals.
Focal depth in cm can be calculated by which formula? (diameter in mm, frequency in MHz)
Power Doppler colorization shows what information?
Which transducer type is most appropriate for thyroid evaluation using standard B-mode imaging?
In the scan converter, interpolation is performed to:
The spatial resolution of the scan converter is determined by:
Which component of the ultrasound system converts the electric energy provided by the pulser into acoustic pulses transmitted into the patient?
When the depth of view is set to 15.4 cm, PRF is ______.
What are adjustable focus systems called?
When a reflector is 2cm deep, a pulses time-of-flight is _____.
Focusing also occurs during ______.
Which tissue exemplifies low attenuation, leading to a thicker HVL?
Which statement describes penetration and frequency correctly?
In color Doppler, the Doppler frequency shift is conveyed by which type of encoding?
Pulse length is determined by which factors?
In sound propagation, a series of which two features are formed by oscillating particles?
What is the typical range of spatial pulse length in soft tissues in clinical imaging?
What term describes the hyperechoic region seen beneath a complex structure due to decreased attenuation?
Which statement about focusing and lateral resolution is accurate?
The duty factor is a ______ number with a value between _____.
Which Doppler technique does NOT provide range resolution?
Which equation correctly expresses wavelength as propagation speed divided by frequency?
To minimize color Doppler aliasing, which adjustment is most effective?
Larger transducer diameters produce a beam with _____ divergence.
A right angle is ______.
Doubling the frequency has what effect on the period?
What are the regions of low pressure and density formed during sound propagation called?
This Doppler waveform scenario indicates which statement is true: the direction of flow is toward the beam.
With annular phased array transducers the next larger crystal after the inner crystal is fired down the same scan line and information only from its ______ is stored.
What is the equation for total attenuation in decibels?
A-mode is used extensively in _______.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three bigness parameters?
Which control selectively brightens deep echoes relative to shallow echoes?
Which control adjusts amplification of all reflections equally, regardless of depth?
Which statement about the frequency content of ultrasound pulses is true?
Which artifact is commonly seen with metallic objects and multiple reverberations within a highly reflective object?
Refraction occurs with which waves?
Absorption is _____ related to frequency.
What is the ultrasound imaging method that uses the harmonic of the transmitted frequency to create the image called?
What term describes the time that a pulse is on, typically measured in microseconds?
Range resolution is best described as the ability to distinguish echoes from two closely spaced depths along the same beam.
In a scenario with multiple transmitted frequencies, the reflections would reach the transducer at which times?
Attenuation in air is described as:
Laminar flow is associated with what velocity profile in vessels?
The term for focusing during transmission by adjusting the phase of emitted waves from the array elements?
Increasing diameter results in a ____ focus.
When focusing, what happens to the near-field beam diameter?
Which sequence orders air, water, and metals by increasing speed of sound?
Which transducer type is best suited to vascular imaging?
What is the main effect of the matching layer at the skin interface?
What do all waves carry from one location to another?
Which layer helps reduce impedance mismatch at the skin interface?
Which ultrasound modality uses the range equation to determine the depth of origin of reflected echoes?
Which component reduces spatial pulse length and improves axial resolution?
Which system component is primarily responsible for converting received echoes into a format suitable for display, including grayscale mapping?
Base used for decibel logarithms.
An ultrasound image obtained with a linear array transducer that uses phasing to steer the beam shows arrows pointing to which artifact?
Which statement about convex sequential arrays is false?
Aliasing ____ occur with CW Doppler.
Which factor least influences axial resolution?
Reciprocal numbers are inverse because when one ______, the other ______.
What happens to attenuation if distance increases?
Which setting would show the highest intensity value?
Higher frequency sound waves produce pulses _____ and images ______.
A higher acoustic impedance mismatch between two media will most likely result in
Which element serves as the electrical conduit between the PZT and the ultrasound system?
Which parameter relates to tissue heating?
In quality control, which parameter indicates brightness uniformity across the image?
Total attenuation depends upon which three factors?
As materials become more dense the speed of sound in the material ______.
Period and frequency are what relation?
The half-value layer thickness depends on which two factors?
Which display format appears as a series of upward spikes?
The percentage of the incident beam that is reflected is related to ________.
In soft tissue, sound with a frequency of 1 MHz has a wavelength of approximately ______.
Measured at the location where intensity is maximum and at the instant in time that the most powerful part of the pulse passes.
Sound energy is _____ intense at the focal point.
Ispta refers to which combination of spatial and temporal dimensions?
Wavelength is ______ to frequency.
Which barrier isolates the internal transducer components from the case to prevent vibration-induced voltages in the PZT?
Which parameter encodes velocity in color Doppler display?
What change would improve penetration when the image shows inadequate penetration and the far field displays noise?
The focus is located at ________.
The near zone length is also called the Fresnel zone.
Which two controls affect the spatial resolution of the color image?
A phantom used to evaluate image quality for assessing which property?
Which of the following describes the three parameters that describe the size or magnitude of a sound wave?
A typical duty factor value in diagnostic ultrasound falls in which range?
Which statement best describes the fundamental components of an ultrasound wave in tissue?
When color Doppler is activated to maintain frame rate, which may be reduced in the underlying B-mode image?
Which statement is NOT a consequence of using backing material in ultrasound transducers?
The standard speed of sound used to calculate distances in ultrasound tissue phantoms is closest to which value?
Modern sequential linear array transducers perform both transmit and receive focusing using _________.
According to Poiseuille's equation, what is the effect on flow rate if the pressure difference is doubled, assuming viscosity and radius constant?
In A-mode, the x-axis represents which quantity?
In typical clinical imaging, ultrasound power ranges from which values?
With rainbow maps, the green ______ indicate turbulence.
Which factors determine ultrasound beam intensity?
What is the role of tissue harmonic imaging?
Pulse inversion harmonics imaging retains which frequency components?
Which term describes the component used to remove low-frequency signal clutter in Doppler processing?
Which imaging mode may show a mirror image artifact?
Which statement correctly describes ITC range?
Low-pressure regions are called
Which scale do decibels use?
The active elements in linear sequential arrays are much ______ than those found in linear phased arrays.
Power Doppler versus velocity imaging: which statement is correct?
Dynamic range in ultrasound imaging refers to:
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between frequency and HVL?
Shorter pulses _____ axial resolution.
What is the maximum number of imaging planes from a volume data set?
Which statement about the typical thickness of the diagnostic imaging transducer crystal is true?
A _____ is created when the sound beam bounces off one or more reflectors before it encounters a reflector that redirects it back to the transducer.
In A-mode displays, which statement best describes how the display is generated?
Which transducer design is described as having a curved aperture on the radiating face, providing broader access to the field?
When the depth of view is set to 5 cm, the PRP is ______.
Which function is performed during both transmit and receive beam forming and is associated with the beam former and pulser?
The primary method of improving lateral resolution is _____.
When imaging shallow, PRF is ______.
Which term describes the distance from the transducer to the focus?
A large smooth interface that can act as a Specular reflector includes which of the following?
A consequence of using a low-Q transducer is
String test objects are used to evaluate which aspect of Doppler performance?
In a standard imaging coordinate system, which axis is used to represent depth (distance from the transducer face)?
Name in decreasing order of impedance PZT to Skin.
The study of blood moving through the circulatory system.
Which quantity describes the mean intensity across the beam's cross-section?
Crystal damping ______ axial resolution.
What is the result of increasing the wall filter during Doppler sampling?
Which of the following is most likely to produce turbulent flow?
The LATA mnemonic stands for which combination of terms?
What are the two characteristics of the active element that determine the frequency of sound from a pulsed wave transducer?
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the 6th power?
At the boundary between two media if the IRC and ITC are added the result equals _____.
In practice, lower numerical values of lateral resolution correspond to what imaging quality?
What is a typical frame rate for B-mode real-time imaging?
Which imaging technique most directly increases the field of view for a linear array?
Which control adjustment is most likely to affect the frame rate during a sonographic exam?
Axial resolution is determined by which parameter?
Rayleigh scattering occurs under which condition?
PZT thickness and frequency are related how?
Which component prevents electrical noise from contaminating the diagnostic signals used to create images?
Which transducer is typically used for broad-depth abdominal imaging?
Negative decibels describe signals that are ______ in strength or getting ______.
You suspect that bright spot on the B-mode image is a calcification, but a posterior acoustic shadow is not present. How can you best optimize your system to demonstrate a shadow distal to the calcification?
Which design choice is typical for achieving higher-frequency operation in transducers?
All intensities have units of _____.
Which issue is demonstrated by image quality degradation that results from transducer problems?
The _____ the pulse duration, the better the axial resolution.
For a linear array transducer, which resolution is most affected by the mechanical focus?
Which physical concept is used to measure velocity of moving reflectors via Doppler shifts?
Diagnostic ultrasound transducers are dampened to improve which parameter?
Total attenuation increases linearly with distance given constant attenuation coefficient. Which statement describes this relationship?
Comet tail is a classic example of which mechanism?
The number of pulses used to determine velocity along a color line of sight is called?
In color Doppler imaging, how is velocity information typically visualized to allow quick assessment of flow direction and speed?
Which term describes the behavior when the surface is smooth and large relative to wavelength?
Which formula correctly relates wavelength, speed, and frequency?
Higher frequency _____ lateral resolution in the far field.
Using the Modality Worklist has the advantage of:
The impedance of PZT is about 20 times greater than skin; this mismatch primarily affects energy transfer by causing what?
During the course of a sonographic exam, you notice lateral splaying of the echoes in the far field. What can you do to improve the image?
Focusing improves lateral resolution because it ______ beam width.
Which statement is true about acoustic impedance?
Distance and attenuation are ______ related.
As long as a wave remains in one medium, wavelength and frequency are ______.
Sound waves produced by a small active element diverge in a _________shape.
Which statement about how impedance is determined is correct?
A ______ has a small surface area with a flat face.
In an ultrasound phantom, axial resolution is typically measured using which target configuration?
Which parameter relates to tissue heating?
The number of decibels of attenuation that occurs when sound travels one centimeter.
Which imaging artifact is much worse on the left phantom image compared to the right phantom image?
If the speed of sound in tissue is 1540 m/s and the frequency is 1 MHz, the wavelength is approximately
Which equation relates ITC to IRC?
Which two components increase the efficiency of sound transfer between the transducers PZT and the skin?
If soft tissue velocity is 1540 meters per second and frequency is 4 MHz, what is the wavelength in millimeters?
Which statement about strain relief is true?
Spectral broadening indicates which type of flow?
The duty factor for continuous wave ultrasound is _____, because the system is always ______.
Which parameter describes the center frequency of the emitted spectrum in pulsed-wave ultrasound?
Decreasing which imaging parameter typically increases frame rate by reducing data per frame?
The vertical axis on an ultrasound display runs in which direction?
Long pulses _____ axial resolution.
The algebraic summation of waves leading to patterns of minima and maxima is called:
A-modes are accurate in determining the _______.
Attenuation is greater in which type of sound?
Angles that are not 90 degrees are called what?
When interaction is disorganized, sound travels in all directions due to which phenomenon?
Which phenomenon is associated with a pattern produced by a sound beam after passing through a small aperture?
Which statement describes oblique incidence?
A region on either side of the focal point where the beam is relatively narrow and where image detail is superior.
Which type of reflection is associated with rough or irregular interfaces?
What information is present in the A-mode display?
Which statement about the focal point is true?
When switching from a 2.5 MHz transducer to a 5 MHz transducer, the sound wavelength will:
In B-mode imaging, which property is encoded along the Z-axis on a CRT display?
If imaging depth is increased, the frame rate generally:
Which control could you adjust to improve the signal-to-noise ratio on the image?
Which statement describes a scenario where two items are associated and increase together?
Which imaging mode is designed to exploit harmonic frequencies to improve image quality?
Which pair correctly matches tens and tenths in terms of prefix name and abbreviation?
Which term describes the number of pulses used to sample flow in color Doppler?
Refraction artifact can manifest as which of the following?
The average intensity across the beam's entire cross-sectional area is called what?
In M-mode, the 'M' stands for which term?
During pulsed-wave Doppler, which parameter affects acoustic exposure?
To suppress low-velocity components while preserving higher-velocity signals, which setting would you adjust?
Which control should you adjust to increase the amplification applied to the color Doppler signal?
Which transducer would provide the longest near-zone length?
Which phenomenon occurs when ultrasonic energy is converted into another form of energy such as heat?
With linear phased arrays the spike pattern that is least curved produces the beam with the ______ focus.
M-mode imaging is primarily used to assess what aspect of tissue?
Rouleaux formation is promoted by which flow condition?
What is the equation for IRC?
Which artifact is caused by a high PRF setting?
Which does not affect the time required to create one image frame?
The depth of view is controlled by which party?
Which statement best describes tissue harmonic imaging?
When discussing relationships between amplitude, power, and intensity, the word squared always follows the word _____.
Which action will increase frame rate in ultrasound imaging?
What interaction of ultrasound and tissue is primarily responsible for imaging the internal structure of organs?
When the speed of sound in PZT is faster, the frequency of sound created by a pulsed wave transducer is ______.
Which statement correctly describes continuous-wave Doppler?
Which display method will help you demonstrate flow turbulence with color Doppler?
What is the disadvantage of using multiple transmit focal zones?
If focusing is achieved by electronically controlled delays rather than physical changes, this corresponds to which focusing method?
Echo signals displayed on the monitor arise from which interactions?
What is the order in which the signal travels in the ultrasound system?
Which processing is performed after image data has been stored?
What is a side lobe?
What is the speed of sound in water?
Expanding the sector width while adjusting focal zones typically impacts which imaging parameter the most?
The incoming raw echo signals must be compressed into a smaller dynamic range because:
In 3D ultrasound, which statement is true?
The time it takes a wave to vibrate a single cycle is called the?
Because the PRF sets the Nyquist limit (1/2 PRF), higher velocities can be measured without aliasing by increasing the ______.
Tissue harmonic imaging produces a beam that is thinner.
In Doppler ultrasound, the Doppler frequency shift is defined as the difference between which two frequencies?
Which disadvantage is associated with a tightly curved array as depth increases?
Frequency affects which two aspects of imaging?
Short duration pulses also have a _____ length.
Which acoustic parameter describes the energy flow of a sound wave through a medium?
A pulse is short if each cycle in the pulse has a _____ wavelength.
Which type of difference is the primary driver of flow in a closed tube?
Initial power is determined by what?
The layer of the vessel wall described as consisting of a single layer of cells backed by a thin layer of elastin and collagen fibers is the
When two waves arrive at identical location and combine to form a single wave, this is called
The effects of the medium upon the sound wave are called the
What is the equation for incident intensity?
Does intensity change as sound propagates through the body?
What term describes the amount of time it takes to complete a single frame of ultrasound information?
Which statement correctly describes the effect of beam width on lateral resolution?
What happens to axial resolution when the pulse duration is shortened?
A number in scientific notation form with a negative exponent has a value __________.
What is the speed of sound in blood tissue?
You are performing a 3D sonogram and notice the volume rate is 8 Hz. What does this represent?
What method uses a transmitter to generate a magnetic field and a sensor on the transducer to track position and angulation, enabling a 3D data set?
Refers to distance or space.
Which statement correctly describes the effect of short pulse duration on axial resolution?
Which medium has the slowest speed of sound among air, water, and metals?
What are the prefixes and abbreviations for tens and tenths?
If the speed of sound in PZT increases, what happens to the frequency of sound produced by a pulsed wave transducer?
If depth of view increases, PRF tends to ______.
The angle between the incident sound beam and an imaginary line that is perpendicular to the boundary is called the ______.
The frequency of an ultrasound transducer is determined by which of the following?
Pulse repetition period is reported in units of?
Which term describes the maximum value of a sound beam's intensity?
Which tissue has the fastest propagation speed?
Which statement about ALARA is true?
Which transducer will exhibit the least amount of volume averaging?
Which term describes the fraction of time the imaging system is transmitting relative to the entire cycle?
Which property is primarily increased by the use of multiple matching layers on a transducer?
Frequency of a sound wave is determined by the ______.
Acoustic impedance increases with which of the following factors?
Which parameter represents the angle between the ultrasound beam and the direction of flow, essential for velocity calculations?
Decrease by a factor means to ______.
Which decibel change corresponds to a tenfold increase in intensity?
The active elements in a convex array are much _________ than those found in a phased array.
Aliasing is a potential problem in pulsed-wave Doppler because of:
Red blood cells are considered _______ because they are smaller than the wavelength of the sound beam.
What is an advantage of using high-PRF Doppler?
Amplitude is measured from the ____ to the ____.
The rate at which amplitude decreases as sound propagates depends on the characteristics of both the ____ and the ____.
B-mode imaging, often called B-scan, is used to describe which type of image?
Relative measurement of intensity on a logarithmic scale is expressed in which unit?
Which term is commonly used to describe bowed or curved transducers in clinical practice?
When the speeds are equal, which statements are true about refraction and the transmission angle?
In regions of high attenuation, which ultrasound artifact is commonly observed?
Which artifact can appear as a mirror image of the Doppler spectrum across the baseline?
The frequency of sound emitted by a continuous wave probe is _____ the frequency of the electrical signal.
Which statement accurately describes damping material?
Which statement best describes the advantage of MI and TI indices for safety ALARA practice?
When the system is imaging more deeply, the time from one pulse to the next is ______.
Which parameter most directly controls frame rate?
Sound waves are _____ waves.
In tissue harmonic imaging, the receiver listens to which frequencies?
Which component is used to steer and focus the received ultrasound beams by delaying and summing signals from multiple elements?
By adjusting the imaging depth the operator changes what 3 things?
What artifact is caused by random interference of echoes from tissue microstructure, producing a grainy appearance?
When two reflectors are closer side by side than the beam width _______ is observed on the image.
Variance maps are mainly used to assess turbulence in which area?
Which two controls are described as adjusting the brightness of the gray-scale area over which color Doppler writes?
When depth of view is set to 7.7 cm, PRF is ______.
Which statement describes how a single beam is formed in a convex sequential array?
Treat conversion units as ______ and ______.
The stacking of red blood cells that occurs at low velocities is called what?
Which method of fixed focusing uses a curved active element?
Frame averaging is also known as?
_____ distances prolong the time-of-flight and ______ distances shorten the time-of-flight.
Which statement is true about a 4-bit system's grayscale depth?
The average intensity during the pulse duration only is called what?
Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of frequency in ultrasound?
The time differences between electrical spikes is about _______.
As depth increases, lateral resolution tends to:
Depth information on A-mode is derived from which information?
Which array type uses circular rings with a common center to form its geometry?
Which imaging technique results in selective reception of frequencies that are 2 times that of the transmitted frequency?
Which statement best describes a limitation of M-mode scanning?
Sound with frequencies above 1 MHz attenuate ______.
What would be the most likely result from increasing the transmit frequency of color Doppler?
Which type of array is formed by multiple discrete elements arranged in a straight line, created from a single PZT slab?
Which setting should you lower to improve sensitivity to slow flow?
An A-mode display looks like a ______.
Which component determines the pulse repetition frequency in an ultrasound system?
To optimize the image, which adjustment was used to improve lateral resolution by increasing line density?
Higher frequency sound results in a ____ half-value layer.
The PRP is the ______ of a sound pulse between the transducer and the bottom of the image.
Which control would you adjust to increase the intensity of the transmitted pulse?
Sound travels ______ in media with low density.
Which device stores images at the conversion stage?
Smaller diameter PZT crystals create _______ focus beams whereas larger diameter crystals create ______ focus beams.
The active elements of annular array transducers appear ______.
What should you limit when the thermal index exceeds 1?
For best axial resolution among the options, which transducer configuration would you choose?
If the attenuation coefficient is 0.5 dB/cm, what is the total attenuation over 2 cm?
What are the two equations for divergence angle?
Penetration is ______ with increasing frequency.
The y-axis of an M-mode display represents which quantity, derived from the time-of-flight information?
Refraction artifact may manifest as which displacement?
In convex arrays, the beams transmitted are designed to be:
In M-mode displays, which arrangement best describes the axes?
In M-mode, the x-axis represents what?
During a quality control program, which items should be regularly checked?
Dropout bands caused by annular ring malfunction can appear at a depth.
A phantom with multiple rows of identical 5mm spherical fluid structures embedded in tissue-mimicking material is best used to evaluate which type of resolution?
When the outer crystals are excited earlier than the inner crystals it has a curved pattern that creates a ______ sound beam.
The small sources of sound producing the V shaped wavelets are known as ______.
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of Mega?
_____ wavelength sound usually produces higher quality images with greater detail.
Since there is no slope to this pattern the beam will be directed _______.
What benefit would you obtain by choosing a transducer having a large diameter compared to one having a small diameter?
Which artifact occurs when the frequency-shifted Doppler signal is not adequately sampled?
Which control lets the user freeze and then scroll back through the most recently acquired image frames?
Lateral resolution is optimized within the ______.
In phantom-based resolution testing, which resolution is evaluated by using parallel rod targets?
Which receiver function converts the negative portion of the RF signal to positive?
A method in which the sound beam is steered in multiple directions by employing time delays.
Increasing imaging depth and scan line density results in
The depth of tissue that results in 3 dB of attenuation to the intensity is:
Compared to grayscale B-mode, color Doppler has what characteristic regarding axial resolution?
In a convex array, the strips are arranged in which manner?
Which unit is used to express axial resolution?
Which term describes scattering from targets much smaller than the wavelength?
A 2 MHz frequency yields a wavelength of approximately ______ mm in soft tissue.
A short pulse is created by reducing ringing. Which option best describes this statement?
Lateral resolution is commonly expressed as a function of which parameter?
Which physics concept best explains the difference in signal strength between the 5.0 and 6.3 MHz Doppler frequencies?
A large smooth interface such as the renal capsule, diaphragm, or pericardium is described as a
Which material is commonly used for the piezoelectric elements in modern ultrasound transducers?
Which intensity represents the maximum instantaneous intensity at the beam's spatial peak?
Which spectral analysis method is standard for pulsed Doppler?
How are sound beams focused in linear phased array transducers?
In diagnostic ultrasonography sound pulses travel through media. ______ arising from structures in the body return to the transducer and are processed into ______.
As sound travels through tissue, it experiences a decrease in intensity. Which term best describes this decrease?
What are the 4 characteristics of shallow imaging?
Pressure is reduced _____ to a stenosis in turbulent flow.
The adult brain is limited in diagnostic ultrasound imaging primarily because of which interface factor?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the receiver?
A straight spike line in a linear phased array results in a beam that is not focused, i.e., it is:
Which would be most helpful to enhance the contrast difference between tissues having subtle variations in echogenicity?
Refraction occurs when crossing an interface under which condition?
Spectral broadening is associated with which type of flow?
Which transducer type uses a rotating mechanical element to sweep the ultrasound beam?
Wide bandwidth probes have a ____ Q factor and narrow bandwidth probes have a _____ Q factor.
Which factor determines the proportion of time the ultrasound beam is on?
Which control optimization should you make to improve color Doppler sensitivity to slow flow?
The Doppler angle of incidence is the angle between the Doppler beam and what?
Amplitude is initially determined by the sound source; as the sound propagates through the body, amplitude ____.
Which term describes spatial resolution that is equal in all dimensions?
Which artifact is mitigated by reducing the slice thickness?
Why do blood vessels usually appear anechoic on B-mode imaging?
If frequency increases and other factors cause SPL to vary inversely, SPL will:
The random redirection of sound in many directions.
What is required for reflection with oblique incidence?
Which mechanism causes energy to be redirected back toward the source when encountering a boundary?
Axial resolution is determined by the ______.
Banding artifacts are most directly caused by an error in which imaging control setting?
Which transducer property primarily enables it to operate over a range of frequencies without changing hardware?
The aperture in an ultrasound array refers to the number of active elements.
Higher frequency sound beams scatter _____ than lower frequency beams.
Attenuation is measured in and reported as what kind of change?
What is the term for the depth region associated with a focal point in annular arrays?
The sound beam is _______ if the spike line is curved.
The imaging depth selected by the operator primarily influences which parameter?
A commonly used process for determining direction in a Doppler instrument is:
Which component is primarily responsible for dynamic aperture in beamforming?
Varying the excitation voltage to each element in the group used to form the ultrasound pulse is called?
What are the units of velocity?
Phased array transducers are associated with producing sector or fan-shaped images due to electronic steering.
Pulse duration is ______ to the frequency.
How are frequency and attenuation related?
Color flash artifact is obscuring the anatomy of interest in an exam of the abdominal aorta. What can you do to reduce impact of the flash?
B-mode displays are created as follows: as a sound pulse is emitted by the transducer, __________. When a reflection returns to the transducer it is _______ and the ____________.
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and image quality?
With internal focusing, which component concentrates the sound energy into a narrower beam?
In B-mode, the y-axis represents what?
Normal incidence is at what angle?
What can you improve by changing gray-scale map?
True or False: An ultrasound beam has the same intensity at different locations within the beam.
With an A-mode display, the internal contents of a simple cyst will appear as:
Which effect is observed when imaging sound reflected from a large, smooth interface?
Imaging probes are characterized by which combination of pulse duration and bandwidth?
What term describes a sound beam emitted from the transducer that travels in a different direction from the main beam?
Intensity is _____ to power.
Attenuation in fat is described as:
The ratio of the largest to the smallest signal that a system can handle is termed:
Refraction occurs under which condition?
Which statement is true regarding transducer diameter and divergence?
Distal to a stenosis, flow becomes _____.
Dynamic receive focusing is not controlled by the sonographer.
Which term describes the adjustment used to compensate for depth-related attenuation by increasing signal with depth?
Oblique incidence occurs when the incident sound beam strikes the boundary at _______.
In the railroad analogy, the time it takes the train to roll past us would be considered the which ultrasound measure?
The loss of piezoelectric properties is called.
With linear phased arrays the sound beam created by this more curved electrical pattern will have a _______ focus.
How is reflector depth determined in pulse-echo ultrasound?
Time Gain Compensation primarily adjusts what aspect of the echo signal?
The ability to image accurately.
A low-Q transducer is typically described as having
An ultrasound system preventative maintenance program should include which of the following?
If you want higher temporal resolution, you should increase which of the following?
In a four-ring annular array, how many focal depths are typically utilized per scan line?
What is the wavelength at 5 MHz given speed 1540 m/s?
In color Doppler, to suppress flash artifact while maintaining flow visibility, which parameter should you adjust?
In a convex array each crystal is about _________ in width.
Which term describes a system control to compensate for attenuation with depth?
Which change to ultrasound settings best reduces potential tissue heating while preserving image quality?
Which resolution is most directly affected by a wider ultrasound beam?
A method used to improve frame rates with multizone electronic focusing is termed:
With deeper imaging, the listening time and the pulse repetition period ______.
The Reynolds number increases with ______ flow speed and ______ tube diameter.
An object that is much smaller than the wavelength of the sound beam is described as a
Which transducer type will best mitigate the volume averaging artifact?
As frequency increases, what happens to the attenuation coefficient in soft tissue?
Which of the following cannot be evaluated with a tissue-equivalent phantom?
Which factor must be known accurately to quantify blood flow velocity using Doppler?
Increasing the number of transmit focal zones and optimizing their location primarily improves which aspect?
Pulse repetition frequency and depth of view are _______ related.
The _____ in an array is the number of active elements.
In color Doppler imaging, the packet size refers to the number of what?
Sound traveling in bone undergoes extensive ______.
The distance that sound travels in a tissue that reduces the intensity to one-half is called:
In 3D sonography, what term describes a single 3D pixel element?
What is the advantage of Write zoom over Read zoom magnification?
Which function of the receiver converts electrical signals from radiofrequency to video form?
_____ differences drive flow.
Humans can hear sound waves with frequencies between.
What is the primary factor in determining the amount of reflection at a tissue interface?
Which imaging modality uses tomographic techniques to produce cross-sectional slices through tissue?
Which tissue has a speed around 1,700 m/s?
The duty factor equation shows that it is related to both ______ and ______.
In the color map, which color would indicate an aliased signal associated with flow away from the transducer?
When a reflector is located deep the time from pulse creation to reception is ______.
What is the prefix, symbol, and meaning of the exponent 10 to the -3rd power?
During production of a sonogram you image the following structures. Which is the MOST attenuating?
Normal incidence means that the incident sound beam strikes the boundary at _____.
Sound waves that have a frequency less than 20 Hz are defined as.

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